NAME

text, tk_textCopy, tk_textCut, tk_textPaste - Create and manipulate text widgets

SYNOPSIS

text pathName ?options?
tk_textCopy pathName
tk_textCut pathName
tk_textPaste pathName

STANDARD OPTIONS

-background	-highlightthickness	-relief
-borderwidth	-insertbackground	-selectbackground
-cursor	-insertborderwidth	-selectborderwidth
-exportselection	-insertofftime	-selectforeground
-font	-insertontime	-setgrid
-foreground	-insertwidth	-takefocus
-highlightbackground	-padx	-xscrollcommand
-highlightcolor	-pady	-yscrollcommand

See the options manual entry for details on the standard options.

[-autoseparators autoSeparators] Specifies a boolean that says whether separators are automatically inserted in the undo stack. Only meaningful when the -undo option is true. [-blockcursor blockCursor] Specifies a boolean that says whether the blinking insertion cursor should be drawn as a character-sized rectangular block. If false (the default) a thin vertical line is used for the insertion cursor. [-endline endLine] Specifies an integer line index representing the last line of the underlying textual data store that should be contained in the widget. This allows a text widget to reflect only a portion of a larger piece of text. Instead of an integer, the empty string can be provided to this configuration option, which will configure the widget to end at the very last line in the textual data store. [-height height] Specifies the desired height for the window, in units of characters in the font given by the -font option. Must be at least one. [-inactiveselectbackground inactiveSelectBackground] Specifies the colour to use for the selection (the sel tag) when the window does not have the input focus. If empty, {}, then no selection is shown when the window does not have the focus. [-maxundo maxUndo] Specifies the maximum number of compound undo actions on the undo stack. A zero or a negative value imply an unlimited undo stack. [-spacing1 spacing1] Requests additional space above each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first line on the display. This option may be overridden with -spacing1 options in tags. [-spacing2 spacing2] For lines that wrap (so that they cover more than one line on the display) this option specifies additional space to provide between the display lines that represent a single line of text. The value may have any of the standard forms for screen distances. This option may be overridden with -spacing2 options in tags. [-spacing3 spacing3] Requests additional space below each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last line on the display. This option may be overridden with -spacing3 options in tags. [-startline startLine] Specifies an integer line index representing the first line of the underlying textual data store that should be contained in the widget. This allows a text widget to reflect only a portion of a larger piece of text. Instead of an integer, the empty string can be provided to this configuration option, which will configure the widget to start at the very first line in the textual data store. [-state state] Specifies one of two states for the text: normal or disabled. If the text is disabled then characters may not be inserted or deleted and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even if the input focus is in the widget. [-tabs tabs] Specifies a set of tab stops for the window. The option's value consists of a list of screen distances giving the positions of the tab stops, each of which is a distance relative to the left edge of the widget (excluding borders, padding, etc). Each position may optionally be followed in the next list element by one of the keywords left, right, center, or numeric, which specifies how to justify text relative to the tab stop. Left is the default; it causes the text following the tab character to be positioned with its left edge at the tab position. Right means that the right edge of the text following the tab character is positioned at the tab position, and center means that the text is centered at the tab position. Numeric means that the decimal point in the text is positioned at the tab position; if there is no decimal point then the least significant digit of the number is positioned just to the left of the tab position; if there is no number in the text then the text is right-justified at the tab position. For example, “-tabs {2c left 4c 6c center}” creates three tab stops at two-centimeter intervals; the first two use left justification and the third uses center justification.

If the list of tab stops does not have enough elements to cover all of the tabs in a text line, then Tk extrapolates new tab stops using the spacing and alignment from the last tab stop in the list. Tab distances must be strictly positive, and must always increase from one tab stop to the next (if not, an error is thrown). The value of the tabs option may be overridden by -tabs options in tags.

If no -tabs option is specified, or if it is specified as an empty list, then Tk uses default tabs spaced every eight (average size) characters. To achieve a different standard spacing, for example every 4 characters, simply configure the widget with “-tabs "[expr {4 * [font measure $font 0]}] left" -tabstyle wordprocessor”.

[-tabstyle tabStyle] Specifies how to interpret the relationship between tab stops on a line and tabs in the text of that line. The value must be tabular (the default) or wordprocessor. Note that tabs are interpreted as they are encountered in the text. If the tab style is tabular then the n'th tab character in the line's text will be associated with the n'th tab stop defined for that line. If the tab character's x coordinate falls to the right of the n'th tab stop, then a gap of a single space will be inserted as a fallback. If the tab style is wordprocessor then any tab character being laid out will use (and be defined by) the first tab stop to the right of the preceding characters already laid out on that line. The value of the tabstyle option may be overridden by -tabstyle options in tags. [-undo undo] Specifies a boolean that says whether the undo mechanism is active or not. [-width width] Specifies the desired width for the window in units of characters in the font given by the -font option. If the font does not have a uniform width then the width of the character “0” is used in translating from character units to screen units. [-wrap wrap] Specifies how to handle lines in the text that are too long to be displayed in a single line of the text's window. The value must be none or char or word. A wrap mode of none means that each line of text appears as exactly one line on the screen; extra characters that do not fit on the screen are not displayed. In the other modes each line of text will be broken up into several screen lines if necessary to keep all the characters visible. In char mode a screen line break may occur after any character; in word mode a line break will only be made at word boundaries.

DESCRIPTION

The text command creates a new window (given by the pathName argument) and makes it into a text widget. Additional options, described above, may be specified on the command line or in the option database to configure aspects of the text such as its default background color and relief. The text command returns the path name of the new window.

A text widget displays one or more lines of text and allows that text to be edited. Text widgets support four different kinds of annotations on the text, called tags, marks, embedded windows or embedded images. Tags allow different portions of the text to be displayed with different fonts and colors. In addition, Tcl commands can be associated with tags so that scripts are invoked when particular actions such as keystrokes and mouse button presses occur in particular ranges of the text. See TAGS below for more details.

The second form of annotation consists of floating markers in the text called “marks”. Marks are used to keep track of various interesting positions in the text as it is edited. See MARKS below for more details.

The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be embedded in a text widget. See EMBEDDED WINDOWS below for more details.

The fourth form of annotation allows Tk images to be embedded in a text widget. See EMBEDDED IMAGES below for more details.

The text widget also has a built-in undo/redo mechanism. See THE UNDO MECHANISM below for more details.

The text widget allows for the creation of peer widgets. These are other text widgets which share the same underlying data (text, marks, tags, images, etc). See PEER WIDGETS below for more details.

INDICES

Many of the widget commands for texts take one or more indices as arguments. An index is a string used to indicate a particular place within a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a range of characters to delete. Indices have the syntax

base modifier modifier modifier ...

Where base gives a starting point and the modifiers adjust the index from the starting point (e.g. move forward or backward one character). Every index must contain a base, but the modifiers are optional. Most modifiers (as documented below) allow an optional submodifier. Valid submodifiers are any and display. If the submodifier is abbreviated, then it must be followed by whitespace, but otherwise there need be no space between the submodifier and the following modifier. Typically the display submodifier adjusts the meaning of the following modifier to make it refer to visual or non-elided units rather than logical units, but this is explained for each relevant case below. Lastly, where count is used as part of a modifier, it can be positive or negative, so “base - -3 lines” is perfectly valid (and equivalent to “base +3lines”).

The base for an index must have one of the following forms:

line.char: Indicates char'th character on line line. Lines are numbered from 1 for consistency with other UNIX programs that use this numbering scheme. Within a line, characters are numbered from 0. If char is end then it refers to the newline character that ends the line.
@x,y: Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y coordinates within the text's window are x and y.
end: Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the last newline).
mark: Indicates the character just after the mark whose name is mark.
tag.first: Indicates the first character in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
tag.last: Indicates the character just after the last one in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
pathName: Indicates the position of the embedded window whose name is pathName. This form generates an error if there is no embedded window by the given name.
imageName: Indicates the position of the embedded image whose name is imageName. This form generates an error if there is no embedded image by the given name.

If the base could match more than one of the above forms, such as a mark and imageName both having the same value, then the form earlier in the above list takes precedence. If modifiers follow the base index, each one of them must have one of the forms listed below. Keywords such as chars and wordend may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous.

+ count ?submodifier? chars: Adjust the index forward by count characters, moving to later lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count characters in the text after the current index, then set the index to the last index in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional. If the display submodifier is given, elided characters are skipped over without being counted. If any is given, then all characters are counted. For historical reasons, if neither modifier is given then the count actually takes place in units of index positions (see indices for details). This behaviour may be changed in a future major release, so if you need an index count, you are encouraged to use indices instead wherever possible.
- count ?submodifier? chars: Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count characters in the text before the current index, then set the index to the first index in the text (1.0). Spaces on either side of count are optional. If the display submodifier is given, elided characters are skipped over without being counted. If any is given, then all characters are counted. For historical reasons, if neither modifier is given then the count actually takes place in units of index positions (see indices for details). This behaviour may be changed in a future major release, so if you need an index count, you are encouraged to use indices instead wherever possible.
+ count ?submodifier? indices: Adjust the index forward by count index positions, moving to later lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count index positions in the text after the current index, then set the index to the last index position in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional. Note that an index position is either a single character or a single embedded image or embedded window. If the display submodifier is given, elided indices are skipped over without being counted. If any is given, then all indices are counted; this is also the default behaviour if no modifier is given.
- count ?submodifier? indices: Adjust the index backward by count index positions, moving to earlier lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count index positions in the text before the current index, then set the index to the first index position (1.0) in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional. If the display submodifier is given, elided indices are skipped over without being counted. If any is given, then all indices are counted; this is also the default behaviour if no modifier is given.
+ count ?submodifier? lines: Adjust the index forward by count lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If there are fewer than count lines after the line containing the current index, then set the index to refer to the same character position on the last line of the text. Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional. If the display submodifier is given, then each visual display line is counted separately. Otherwise, if any (or no modifier) is given, then each logical line (no matter how many times it is visually wrapped) counts just once. If the relevant lines are not wrapped, then these two methods of counting are equivalent.
- count ?submodifier? lines: Adjust the index backward by count logical lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If there are fewer than count lines before the line containing the current index, then set the index to refer to the same character position on the first line of the text. Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional. If the display submodifier is given, then each visual display line is counted separately. Otherwise, if any (or no modifier) is given, then each logical line (no matter how many times it is visually wrapped) counts just once. If the relevant lines are not wrapped, then these two methods of counting are equivalent.
?submodifier? linestart: Adjust the index to refer to the first index on the line. If the display submodifier is given, this is the first index on the display line, otherwise on the logical line.
?submodifier? lineend: Adjust the index to refer to the last index on the line (the newline). If the display submodifier is given, this is the last index on the display line, otherwise on the logical line.
?submodifier? wordstart: Adjust the index to refer to the first character of the word containing the current index. A word consists of any number of adjacent characters that are letters, digits, or underscores, or a single character that is not one of these. If the display submodifier is given, this only examines non-elided characters, otherwise all characters (elided or not) are examined.
?submodifier? wordend: Adjust the index to refer to the character just after the last one of the word containing the current index. If the current index refers to the last character of the text then it is not modified. If the display submodifier is given, this only examines non-elided characters, otherwise all characters (elided or not) are examined.

If more than one modifier is present then they are applied in left-to-right order. For example, the index “end - 1 chars” refers to the next-to-last character in the text and “insert wordstart - 1 c” refers to the character just before the first one in the word containing the insertion cursor. Modifiers are applied one by one in this left to right order, and after each step the resulting index is constrained to be a valid index in the text widget. So, for example, the index “1.0 -1c +1c” refers to the index “2.0”.

Where modifiers result in index changes by display lines, display chars or display indices, and the base refers to an index inside an elided tag, that base index is considered to be equivalent to the first following non-elided index.

MARKS

The second form of annotation in text widgets is a mark. Marks are used for remembering particular places in a text. They are something like tags, in that they have names and they refer to places in the file, but a mark is not associated with particular characters. Instead, a mark is associated with the gap between two characters. Only a single position may be associated with a mark at any given time. If the characters around a mark are deleted the mark will still remain; it will just have new neighbor characters. In contrast, if the characters containing a tag are deleted then the tag will no longer have an association with characters in the file. Marks may be manipulated with the “pathName mark” widget command, and their current locations may be determined by using the mark name as an index in widget commands.

Each mark also has a “gravity”, which is either left or right. The gravity for a mark specifies what happens to the mark when text is inserted at the point of the mark. If a mark has left gravity, then the mark is treated as if it were attached to the character on its left, so the mark will remain to the left of any text inserted at the mark position. If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the mark position will appear to the left of the mark (so that the mark remains rightmost). The gravity for a mark defaults to right.

The name space for marks is different from that for tags: the same name may be used for both a mark and a tag, but they will refer to different things.

Two marks have special significance. First, the mark insert is associated with the insertion cursor, as described under THE INSERTION CURSOR below. Second, the mark current is associated with the character closest to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the mouse position and any changes to the text in the widget (one exception: current is not updated in response to mouse motions if a mouse button is down; the update will be deferred until all mouse buttons have been released). Neither of these special marks may be deleted. With the exception of these two special marks, all marks are shared between peer text widgets, and may be manipulated on an equal basis from any peer.

EMBEDDED WINDOWS

The third form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded window. Each embedded window annotation causes a window to be displayed at a particular point in the text. There may be any number of embedded windows in a text widget, and any widget may be used as an embedded window (subject to the usual rules for geometry management, which require the text window to be the parent of the embedded window or a descendant of its parent). The embedded window's position on the screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled, and it will be mapped and unmapped as it moves into and out of the visible area of the text widget. Each embedded window occupies one unit's worth of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred to either by the name of its embedded window or by its position in the widget's index space. If the range of text containing the embedded window is deleted then the window is destroyed. Similarly if the text widget as a whole is deleted, then the window is destroyed.

When an embedded window is added to a text widget with the pathName window create widget command, several configuration options may be associated with it. These options may be modified later with the pathName window configure widget command. The following options are currently supported:

-align where: If the window is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed, this option determines where the window is displayed in the line. Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the window with the top of the line), center (center the window within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the window with the bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align the bottom of the window with the baseline of the line).
-create script: Specifies a Tcl script that may be evaluated to create the window for the annotation. If no -window option has been specified for the annotation this script will be evaluated when the annotation is about to be displayed on the screen. Script must create a window for the annotation and return the name of that window as its result. Two substitutions will be performed in script before evaluation. %W will be substituted by the name of the parent text widget, and %% will be substituted by a single %. If the annotation's window should ever be deleted, script will be evaluated again the next time the annotation is displayed.
-padx pixels: Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side of the embedded window. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-pady pixels: Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on the top and on the bottom of the embedded window. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-stretch boolean: If the requested height of the embedded window is less than the height of the line in which it is displayed, this option can be used to specify whether the window should be stretched vertically to fill its line. If the -pady option has been specified as well, then the requested padding will be retained even if the window is stretched.
-window pathName: Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation. Note that if a pathName has been set, then later configuring a window to the empty string will not delete the widget corresponding to the old pathName. Rather it will remove the association between the old pathName and the text widget. If multiple peer widgets are in use, it is usually simpler to use the -create option if embedded windows are desired in each peer.

EMBEDDED IMAGES

The final form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded image. Each embedded image annotation causes an image to be displayed at a particular point in the text. There may be any number of embedded images in a text widget, and a particular image may be embedded in multiple places in the same text widget. The embedded image's position on the screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled. Each embedded image occupies one unit's worth of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred to either by its position in the widget's index space, or the name it is assigned when the image is inserted into the text widget with pathName image create. If the range of text containing the embedded image is deleted then that copy of the image is removed from the screen.

When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the pathName image create widget command, a name unique to this instance of the image is returned. This name may then be used to refer to this image instance. The name is taken to be the value of the -name option (described below). If the -name option is not provided, the -image name is used instead. If the imageName is already in use in the text widget, then #nn is added to the end of the imageName, where nn is an arbitrary integer. This insures the imageName is unique. Once this name is assigned to this instance of the image, it does not change, even though the -image or -name values can be changed with pathName image configure.

When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the pathName image create widget command, several configuration options may be associated with it. These options may be modified later with the pathName image configure widget command. The following options are currently supported:

-align where: If the image is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed, this option determines where the image is displayed in the line. Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the image with the top of the line), center (center the image within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the image with the bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align the bottom of the image with the baseline of the line).
-image image: Specifies the name of the Tk image to display in the annotation. If image is not a valid Tk image, then an error is returned.
-name ImageName: Specifies the name by which this image instance may be referenced in the text widget. If ImageName is not supplied, then the name of the Tk image is used instead. If the imageName is already in use, #nn is appended to the end of the name as described above.
-padx pixels: Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side of the embedded image. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-pady pixels: Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on the top and on the bottom of the embedded image. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.

THE SELECTION

Selection support is implemented via tags. If the exportSelection option for the text widget is true then the sel tag will be associated with the selection:

[1]: Whenever characters are tagged with sel the text widget will claim ownership of the selection.
[2]: Attempts to retrieve the selection will be serviced by the text widget, returning all the characters with the sel tag.
[3]: If the selection is claimed away by another application or by another window within this application, then the sel tag will be removed from all characters in the text.
[4]: Whenever the sel tag range changes a virtual event <<Selection>> is generated.

The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is created, and it may not be deleted with the “pathName tag delete” widget command. Furthermore, the selectBackground, selectBorderWidth, and selectForeground options for the text widget are tied to the -background, -borderwidth, and -foreground options for the sel tag: changes in either will automatically be reflected in the other. Also the -inactiveselectbackground option for the text widget is used instead of -selectbackground when the text widget does not have the focus. This allows programmatic control over the visualization of the sel tag for foreground and background windows, or to have sel not shown at all (when -inactiveselectbackground is empty) for background windows. Each peer text widget has its own sel tag which can be separately configured and set.

THE INSERTION CURSOR

The mark named insert has special significance in text widgets. It is defined automatically when a text widget is created and it may not be unset with the “pathName mark unset” widget command. The insert mark represents the position of the insertion cursor, and the insertion cursor will automatically be drawn at this point whenever the text widget has the input focus.

THE MODIFIED FLAG

The text widget can keep track of changes to the content of the widget by means of the modified flag. Inserting or deleting text will set this flag. The flag can be queried, set and cleared programmatically as well. Whenever the flag changes state a <<Modified>> virtual event is generated. See the pathName edit modified widget command for more details.

THE UNDO MECHANISM

The text widget has an unlimited undo and redo mechanism (when the -undo widget option is true) which records every insert and delete action on a stack.

Boundaries (called “separators”) are inserted between edit actions. The purpose of these separators is to group inserts, deletes and replaces into one compound edit action. When undoing a change everything between two separators will be undone. The undone changes are then moved to the redo stack, so that an undone edit can be redone again. The redo stack is cleared whenever new edit actions are recorded on the undo stack. The undo and redo stacks can be cleared to keep their depth under control.

Separators are inserted automatically when the -autoseparators widget option is true. You can insert separators programmatically as well. If a separator is already present at the top of the undo stack no other will be inserted. That means that two separators on the undo stack are always separated by at least one insert or delete action.

The undo mechanism is also linked to the modified flag. This means that undoing or redoing changes can take a modified text widget back to the unmodified state or vice versa. The modified flag will be set automatically to the appropriate state. This automatic coupling does not work when the modified flag has been set by the user, until the flag has been reset again.

See below for the pathName edit widget command that controls the undo mechanism.

PEER WIDGETS

The text widget has a separate store of all its data concerning each line's textual contents, marks, tags, images and windows, and the undo stack.

While this data store cannot be accessed directly (i.e. without a text widget as an intermediary), multiple text widgets can be created, each of which present different views on the same underlying data. Such text widgets are known as peer text widgets.

As text is added, deleted, edited and coloured in any one widget, and as images, marks, tags are adjusted, all such changes will be reflected in all peers.

All data and markup is shared, except for a few small details. First, the sel tag may be set and configured (in its display style) differently for each peer. Second, each peer has its own insert and current mark positions (but all other marks are shared). Third, embedded windows, which are arbitrary other widgets, cannot be shared between peers. This means the -window option of embedded windows is independently set for each peer (it is advisable to use the -create script capabilities to allow each peer to create its own embedded windows as needed). Fourth, all of the configuration options of each peer (e.g. -font, etc) can be set independently, with the exception of -undo, -maxUndo, -autoSeparators (i.e. all undo, redo and modified state issues are shared).

Finally any single peer need not contain all lines from the underlying data store. When creating a peer, a contiguous range of lines (e.g. only lines 52 through 125) may be specified. This allows a peer to contain just a small portion of the overall text. The range of lines will expand and contract as text is inserted or deleted. The peer will only ever display complete lines of text (one cannot share just part of a line). If the peer's contents contracts to nothing (i.e. all complete lines in the peer widget have been deleted from another widget), then it is impossible for new lines to be inserted. The peer will simply become an empty shell on which the background can be configured, but which will never show any content (without manual reconfiguration of the start and end lines). Note that a peer which does not contain all of the underlying data store still has indices numbered from “1.0” to “end”. It is simply that those indices reflect a subset of the total data, and data outside the contained range is not accessible to the peer. This means that the command peerName index end may return quite different values in different peers. Similarly, commands like peerName tag ranges will not return index ranges outside that which is meaningful to the peer. The configuration options -startline and -endline may be used to control how much of the underlying data is contained in any given text widget.

Note that peers are really peers. Deleting the “original” text widget will not cause any other peers to be deleted, or otherwise affected.

See below for the pathName peer widget command that controls the creation of peer widgets.

WIDGET COMMAND

The text command creates a new Tcl command whose name is the same as the path name of the text's window. This command may be used to invoke various operations on the widget. It has the following general form:

pathName option ?arg arg ...?

PathName is the name of the command, which is the same as the text widget's path name. Option and the args determine the exact behavior of the command. The following commands are possible for text widgets:

pathName bbox index: Returns a list of four elements describing the screen area of the character given by index. The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the character, and the last two elements give the width and height of the area. If the character is only partially visible on the screen, then the return value reflects just the visible part. If the character is not visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.
pathName cget option: Returns the current value of the configuration option given by option. Option may have any of the values accepted by the text command.
pathName compare index1 op index2: Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according to the relational operator given by op, and returns 1 if the relationship is satisfied and 0 if it is not. Op must be one of the operators <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=. If op is == then 1 is returned if the two indices refer to the same character, if op is < then 1 is returned if index1 refers to an earlier character in the text than index2, and so on.
pathName configure ?option? ?value option value ...?: Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the available options for pathName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. Option may have any of the values accepted by the text command.
pathName count ?options? index1 index2: Counts the number of relevant things between the two indices. If index1 is after index2, the result will be a negative number (and this holds for each of the possible options). The actual items which are counted depend on the options given. The result is a list of integers, one for the result of each counting option given. Valid counting options are -chars, -displaychars, -displayindices, -displaylines, -indices, -lines, -xpixels and -ypixels. The default value, if no option is specified, is -indices. There is an additional possible option -update which is a modifier. If given, then all subsequent options ensure that any possible out of date information is recalculated. This currently only has any effect for the -ypixels count (which, if -update is not given, will use the text widget's current cached value for each line). The count options are interpreted as follows:

-chars: count all characters, whether elided or not. Do not count embedded windows or images.
-displaychars: count all non-elided characters.
-displayindices: count all non-elided characters, windows and images.
-displaylines: count all display lines (i.e. counting one for each time a line wraps) from the line of the first index up to, but not including the display line of the second index. Therefore if they are both on the same display line, zero will be returned. By definition displaylines are visible and therefore this only counts portions of actual visible lines.
-indices: count all characters and embedded windows or images (i.e. everything which counts in text-widget index space), whether they are elided or not.
-lines: count all logical lines (irrespective of wrapping) from the line of the first index up to, but not including the line of the second index. Therefore if they are both on the same line, zero will be returned. Logical lines are counted whether they are currently visible (non-elided) or not.
-xpixels: count the number of horizontal pixels from the first pixel of the first index to (but not including) the first pixel of the second index. To count the total desired width of the text widget (assuming wrapping is not enabled), first find the longest line and then use “.text count -xpixels "${line}.0" "${line}.0 lineend"”.
-ypixels: count the number of vertical pixels from the first pixel of the first index to (but not including) the first pixel of the second index. If both indices are on the same display line, zero will be returned. To count the total number of vertical pixels in the text widget, use “.text count -ypixels 1.0 end”, and to ensure this is up to date, use “.text count -update -ypixels 1.0 end”.

The command returns a positive or negative integer corresponding to the number of items counted between the two indices. One such integer is returned for each counting option given, so a list is returned if more than one option was supplied. For example “.text count -xpixels -ypixels 1.3 4.5” is perfectly valid and will return a list of two elements.

pathName debug ?boolean?: If boolean is specified, then it must have one of the true or false values accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean. If the value is a true one then internal consistency checks will be turned on in the B-tree code associated with text widgets. If boolean has a false value then the debugging checks will be turned off. In either case the command returns an empty string. If boolean is not specified then the command returns on or off to indicate whether or not debugging is turned on. There is a single debugging switch shared by all text widgets: turning debugging on or off in any widget turns it on or off for all widgets. For widgets with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may cause a noticeable slow-down.

When debugging is turned on, the drawing routines of the text widget set the global variables tk_textRedraw and tk_textRelayout to the lists of indices that are redrawn. The values of these variables are tested by Tk's test suite.

pathName delete index1 ?index2 ...?: Delete a range of characters from the text. If both index1 and index2 are specified, then delete all the characters starting with the one given by index1 and stopping just before index2 (i.e. the character at index2 is not deleted). If index2 does not specify a position later in the text than index1 then no characters are deleted. If index2 is not specified then the single character at index1 is deleted. It is not allowable to delete characters in a way that would leave the text without a newline as the last character. The command returns an empty string. If more indices are given, multiple ranges of text will be deleted. All indices are first checked for validity before any deletions are made. They are sorted and the text is removed from the last range to the first range so deleted text does not cause an undesired index shifting side-effects. If multiple ranges with the same start index are given, then the longest range is used. If overlapping ranges are given, then they will be merged into spans that do not cause deletion of text outside the given ranges due to text shifted during deletion.
pathName dlineinfo index: Returns a list with five elements describing the area occupied by the display line containing index. The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the line, the third and fourth elements give the width and height of the area, and the fifth element gives the position of the baseline for the line, measured down from the top of the area. All of this information is measured in pixels. If the current wrap mode is none and the line extends beyond the boundaries of the window, the area returned reflects the entire area of the line, including the portions that are out of the window. If the line is shorter than the full width of the window then the area returned reflects just the portion of the line that is occupied by characters and embedded windows. If the display line containing index is not visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.
pathName dump ?switches? index1 ?index2?: Return the contents of the text widget from index1 up to, but not including index2, including the text and information about marks, tags, and embedded windows. If index2 is not specified, then it defaults to one character past index1. The information is returned in the following format:

key1 value1 index1 key2 value2 index2 ...

The possible key values are text, mark, tagon, tagoff, image, and window. The corresponding value is the text, mark name, tag name, image name, or window name. The index information is the index of the start of the text, mark, tag transition, image or window. One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations thereof) may be specified to control the dump:

-all: Return information about all elements: text, marks, tags, images and windows. This is the default.
-command command: Instead of returning the information as the result of the dump operation, invoke the command on each element of the text widget within the range. The command has three arguments appended to it before it is evaluated: the key, value, and index.
-image: Include information about images in the dump results.
-mark: Include information about marks in the dump results.
-tag: Include information about tag transitions in the dump results. Tag information is returned as tagon and tagoff elements that indicate the begin and end of each range of each tag, respectively.
-text: Include information about text in the dump results. The value is the text up to the next element or the end of range indicated by index2. A text element does not span newlines. A multi-line block of text that contains no marks or tag transitions will still be dumped as a set of text segments that each end with a newline. The newline is part of the value.
-window: Include information about embedded windows in the dump results. The value of a window is its Tk pathname, unless the window has not been created yet. (It must have a create script.) In this case an empty string is returned, and you must query the window by its index position to get more information.

pathName edit option ?arg arg ...?: This command controls the undo mechanism and the modified flag. The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument that follows the edit argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName edit modified ?boolean?: If boolean is not specified, returns the modified flag of the widget. The insert, delete, edit undo and edit redo commands or the user can set or clear the modified flag. If boolean is specified, sets the modified flag of the widget to boolean.
pathName edit redo: When the -undo option is true, reapplies the last undone edits provided no other edits were done since then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty. Does nothing when the -undo option is false.
pathName edit reset: Clears the undo and redo stacks.
pathName edit separator: Inserts a separator (boundary) on the undo stack. Does nothing when the -undo option is false.
pathName edit undo: Undoes the last edit action when the -undo option is true. An edit action is defined as all the insert and delete commands that are recorded on the undo stack in between two separators. Generates an error when the undo stack is empty. Does nothing when the -undo option is false.

pathName get ?-displaychars? -- index1 ?index2 ...?: Return a range of characters from the text. The return value will be all the characters in the text starting with the one whose index is index1 and ending just before the one whose index is index2 (the character at index2 will not be returned). If index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is returned. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then an empty string is returned. If the specified range contains embedded windows, no information about them is included in the returned string. If multiple index pairs are given, multiple ranges of text will be returned in a list. Invalid ranges will not be represented with empty strings in the list. The ranges are returned in the order passed to pathName get. If the -displaychars option is given, then, within each range, only those characters which are not elided will be returned. This may have the effect that some of the returned ranges are empty strings.
pathName image option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate embedded images. The behavior of the command depends on the option argument that follows the tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName image cget index option: Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded image. Index identifies the embedded image, and option specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of the ones listed in the section EMBEDDED IMAGES.
pathName image configure index ?option value ...?: Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded image. If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the available options for the embedded image at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. See EMBEDDED IMAGES for information on the options that are supported.
pathName image create index ?option value ...?: This command creates a new image annotation, which will appear in the text at the position given by index. Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to configure the annotation. Returns a unique identifier that may be used as an index to refer to this image. See EMBEDDED IMAGES for information on the options that are supported, and a description of the identifier returned.
pathName image names: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all image instances currently embedded in window.

pathName index index: Returns the position corresponding to index in the form line.char where line is the line number and char is the character number. Index may have any of the forms described under INDICES above.
pathName insert index chars ?tagList chars tagList ...?: Inserts all of the chars arguments just before the character at index. If index refers to the end of the text (the character after the last newline) then the new text is inserted just before the last newline instead. If there is a single chars argument and no tagList, then the new text will receive any tags that are present on both the character before and the character after the insertion point; if a tag is present on only one of these characters then it will not be applied to the new text. If tagList is specified then it consists of a list of tag names; the new characters will receive all of the tags in this list and no others, regardless of the tags present around the insertion point. If multiple chars-tagList argument pairs are present, they produce the same effect as if a separate pathName insert widget command had been issued for each pair, in order. The last tagList argument may be omitted.
pathName mark option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate marks. The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument that follows the mark argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName mark gravity markName ?direction?: If direction is not specified, returns left or right to indicate which of its adjacent characters markName is attached to. If direction is specified, it must be left or right; the gravity of markName is set to the given value.
pathName mark names: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the marks that are currently set.
pathName mark next index: Returns the name of the next mark at or after index. If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for the next mark begins at that index. If index is the name of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately after that mark. This can still return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the same index. These semantics mean that the mark next operation can be used to step through all the marks in a text widget in the same order as the mark information returned by the pathName dump operation. If a mark has been set to the special end index, then it appears to be after end with respect to the pathName mark next operation. An empty string is returned if there are no marks after index.
pathName mark previous index: Returns the name of the mark at or before index. If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for the previous mark begins with the character just before that index. If index is the name of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately before that mark. This can still return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the same index. These semantics mean that the pathName mark previous operation can be used to step through all the marks in a text widget in the reverse order as the mark information returned by the pathName dump operation. An empty string is returned if there are no marks before index.
pathName mark set markName index: Sets the mark named markName to a position just before the character at index. If markName already exists, it is moved from its old position; if it does not exist, a new mark is created. This command returns an empty string.
pathName mark unset markName ?markName markName ...?: Remove the mark corresponding to each of the markName arguments. The removed marks will not be usable in indices and will not be returned by future calls to “pathName mark names”. This command returns an empty string.

pathName peer option args: This command is used to create and query widget peers. It has two forms, depending on option:

pathName peer create newPathName ?options?: Creates a peer text widget with the given newPathName, and any optional standard configuration options (as for the text command). By default the peer will have the same start and end line as the parent widget, but these can be overridden with the standard configuration options.
pathName peer names: Returns a list of peers of this widget (this does not include the widget itself). The order within this list is undefined.

pathName replace index1 index2 chars ?tagList chars tagList ...?: Replaces the range of characters between index1 and index2 with the given characters and tags. See the section on pathName insert for an explanation of the handling of the tagList... arguments, and the section on pathName delete for an explanation of the handling of the indices. If index2 corresponds to an index earlier in the text than index1, an error will be generated.

The deletion and insertion are arranged so that no unnecessary scrolling of the window or movement of insertion cursor occurs. In addition the undo/redo stack are correctly modified, if undo operations are active in the text widget. The command returns an empty string.

pathName scan option args: This command is used to implement scanning on texts. It has two forms, depending on option:

pathName scan mark x y: Records x and y and the current view in the text window, for use in conjunction with later pathName scan dragto commands. Typically this command is associated with a mouse button press in the widget. It returns an empty string.
pathName scan dragto x y: This command computes the difference between its x and y arguments and the x and y arguments to the last pathName scan mark command for the widget. It then adjusts the view by 10 times the difference in coordinates. This command is typically associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to produce the effect of dragging the text at high speed through the window. The return value is an empty string.

pathName search ?switches? pattern index ?stopIndex?: Searches the text in pathName starting at index for a range of characters that matches pattern. If a match is found, the index of the first character in the match is returned as result; otherwise an empty string is returned. One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations thereof) may be specified to control the search:

-forwards: The search will proceed forward through the text, finding the first matching range starting at or after the position given by index. This is the default.
-backwards: The search will proceed backward through the text, finding the matching range closest to index whose first character is before index (it is not allowed to be at index). Note that, for a variety of reasons, backwards searches can be substantially slower than forwards searches (particularly when using -regexp), so it is recommended that performance-critical code use forward searches.
-exact: Use exact matching: the characters in the matching range must be identical to those in pattern. This is the default.
-regexp: Treat pattern as a regular expression and match it against the text using the rules for regular expressions (see the regexp command for details). The default matching automatically passes both the -lineanchor and -linestop options to the regexp engine (unless -nolinestop is used), so that ^$ match beginning and end of line, and ., [^ sequences will never match the newline character \n.
-nolinestop: This allows . and [^ sequences to match the newline character \n, which they will otherwise not do (see the regexp command for details). This option is only meaningful if -regexp is also given, and an error will be thrown otherwise. For example, to match the entire text, use “pathName search -nolinestop -regexp ".*" 1.0”.
-nocase: Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.
-count varName: The argument following -count gives the name of a variable; if a match is found, the number of index positions between beginning and end of the matching range will be stored in the variable. If there are no embedded images or windows in the matching range (and there are no elided characters if -elide is not given), this is equivalent to the number of characters matched. In either case, the range matchIdx to matchIdx + $count chars will return the entire matched text.
-all: Find all matches in the given range and return a list of the indices of the first character of each match. If a -count varName switch is given, then varName is also set to a list containing one element for each successful match. Note that, even for exact searches, the elements of this list may be different, if there are embedded images, windows or hidden text. Searches with -all behave very similarly to the Tcl command regexp -all, in that overlapping matches are not normally returned. For example, applying an -all search of the pattern “\w+” against “hello there” will just match twice, once for each word, and matching “Z[a-z]+Z” against “ZooZooZoo” will just match once.
-overlap: When performing -all searches, the normal behaviour is that matches which overlap an already-found match will not be returned. This switch changes that behaviour so that all matches which are not totally enclosed within another match are returned. For example, applying an -overlap search of the pattern “\w+” against “hello there” will just match twice (i.e. no different to just -all), but matching “Z[a-z]+Z” against “ZooZooZoo” will now match twice. An error will be thrown if this switch is used without -all.
-strictlimits: When performing any search, the normal behaviour is that the start and stop limits are checked with respect to the start of the matching text. With the -strictlimits flag, the entire matching range must lie inside the start and stop limits specified for the match to be valid.
-elide: Find elided (hidden) text as well. By default only displayed text is searched.
--: This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of switches: the next argument will be treated as pattern even if it starts with -.

The matching range may be within a single line of text, or run across multiple lines (if parts of the pattern can match a new-line). For regular expression matching one can use the various newline-matching features such as $ to match the end of a line, ^ to match the beginning of a line, and to control whether . is allowed to match a new-line. If stopIndex is specified, the search stops at that index: for forward searches, no match at or after stopIndex will be considered; for backward searches, no match earlier in the text than stopIndex will be considered. If stopIndex is omitted, the entire text will be searched: when the beginning or end of the text is reached, the search continues at the other end until the starting location is reached again; if stopIndex is specified, no wrap-around will occur. This means that, for example, if the search is -forwards but stopIndex is earlier in the text than startIndex, nothing will ever be found. See KNOWN BUGS below for a number of minor limitations of the pathName search command.

pathName see index: Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by index is completely visible. If index is already visible then the command does nothing. If index is a short distance out of view, the command adjusts the view just enough to make index visible at the edge of the window. If index is far out of view, then the command centers index in the window.
pathName tag option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate tags. The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument that follows the tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName tag add tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?: Associate the tag tagName with all of the characters starting with index1 and ending just before index2 (the character at index2 is not tagged). A single command may contain any number of index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is tagged. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect.
pathName tag bind tagName ?sequence? ?script?: This command associates script with the tag given by tagName. Whenever the event sequence given by sequence occurs for a character that has been tagged with tagName, the script will be invoked. This widget command is similar to the bind command except that it operates on characters in a text rather than entire widgets. See the bind manual entry for complete details on the syntax of sequence and the substitutions performed on script before invoking it. If all arguments are specified then a new binding is created, replacing any existing binding for the same sequence and tagName (if the first character of script is “+” then script augments an existing binding rather than replacing it). In this case the return value is an empty string. If script is omitted then the command returns the script associated with tagName and sequence (an error occurs if there is no such binding). If both script and sequence are omitted then the command returns a list of all the sequences for which bindings have been defined for tagName.

The only events for which bindings may be specified are those related to the mouse and keyboard (such as Enter, Leave, ButtonPress, Motion, and KeyPress) or virtual events. Event bindings for a text widget use the current mark described under MARKS above. An Enter event triggers for a tag when the tag first becomes present on the current character, and a Leave event triggers for a tag when it ceases to be present on the current character. Enter and Leave events can happen either because the current mark moved or because the character at that position changed. Note that these events are different than Enter and Leave events for windows. Mouse and keyboard events are directed to the current character. If a virtual event is used in a binding, that binding can trigger only if the virtual event is defined by an underlying mouse-related or keyboard-related event.

It is possible for the current character to have multiple tags, and for each of them to have a binding for a particular event sequence. When this occurs, one binding is invoked for each tag, in order from lowest-priority to highest priority. If there are multiple matching bindings for a single tag, then the most specific binding is chosen (see the manual entry for the bind command for details). continue and break commands within binding scripts are processed in the same way as for bindings created with the bind command.

If bindings are created for the widget as a whole using the bind command, then those bindings will supplement the tag bindings. The tag bindings will be invoked first, followed by bindings for the window as a whole.

pathName tag cget tagName option: This command returns the current value of the option named option associated with the tag given by tagName. Option may have any of the values accepted by the pathName tag configure widget command.
pathName tag configure tagName ?option? ?value? ?option value ...?: This command is similar to the pathName configure widget command except that it modifies options associated with the tag given by tagName instead of modifying options for the overall text widget. If no option is specified, the command returns a list describing all of the available options for tagName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s) in tagName; in this case the command returns an empty string. See TAGS above for details on the options available for tags.
pathName tag delete tagName ?tagName ...?: Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName arguments. The command removes the tags from all characters in the file and also deletes any other information associated with the tags, such as bindings and display information. The command returns an empty string.
pathName tag lower tagName ?belowThis?: Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just lower in priority than the tag whose name is belowThis. If belowThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it lowest priority of all tags.
pathName tag names ?index?: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the tags that are active at the character position given by index. If index is omitted, then the return value will describe all of the tags that exist for the text (this includes all tags that have been named in a “pathName tag” widget command but have not been deleted by a “pathName tag delete” widget command, even if no characters are currently marked with the tag). The list will be sorted in order from lowest priority to highest priority.
pathName tag nextrange tagName index1 ?index2?: This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first character of the range is no earlier than the character at index1 and no later than the character just before index2 (a range starting at index2 will not be considered). If several matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen. The command's return value is a list containing two elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found then the return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the end of the text.
pathName tag prevrange tagName index1 ?index2?: This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first character of the range is before the character at index1 and no earlier than the character at index2 (a range starting at index2 will be considered). If several matching ranges exist, the one closest to index1 is chosen. The command's return value is a list containing two elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found then the return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the beginning of the text.
pathName tag raise tagName ?aboveThis?: Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just higher in priority than the tag whose name is aboveThis. If aboveThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it highest priority of all tags.
pathName tag ranges tagName: Returns a list describing all of the ranges of text that have been tagged with tagName. The first two elements of the list describe the first tagged range in the text, the next two elements describe the second range, and so on. The first element of each pair contains the index of the first character of the range, and the second element of the pair contains the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If there are no characters tagged with tag then an empty string is returned.
pathName tag remove tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?: Remove the tag tagName from all of the characters starting at index1 and ending just before index2 (the character at index2 is not affected). A single command may contain any number of index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the tag is removed from the single character at index1. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect. This command returns an empty string.

pathName window option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate embedded windows. The behavior of the command depends on the option argument that follows the tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName window cget index option: Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded window. Index identifies the embedded window, and option specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of the ones listed in the section EMBEDDED WINDOWS.
pathName window configure index ?option value ...?: Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded window. If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the available options for the embedded window at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information on the options that are supported.
pathName window create index ?option value ...?: This command creates a new window annotation, which will appear in the text at the position given by index. Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to configure the annotation. See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information on the options that are supported. Returns an empty string.
pathName window names: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all windows currently embedded in window.

pathName xview option args: This command is used to query and change the horizontal position of the text in the widget's window. It can take any of the following forms:

pathName xview: Returns a list containing two elements. Each element is a real fraction between 0 and 1; together they describe the portion of the document's horizontal span that is visible in the window. For example, if the first element is .2 and the second element is .6, 20% of the text is off-screen to the left, the middle 40% is visible in the window, and 40% of the text is off-screen to the right. The fractions refer only to the lines that are actually visible in the window: if the lines in the window are all very short, so that they are entirely visible, the returned fractions will be 0 and 1, even if there are other lines in the text that are much wider than the window. These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -xscrollcommand option.
pathName xview moveto fraction: Adjusts the view in the window so that fraction of the horizontal span of the text is off-screen to the left. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.
pathName xview scroll number what: This command shifts the view in the window left or right according to number and what. What must be units, pages or pixels. If what is units or pages then number must be an integer, otherwise number may be specified in any of the forms acceptable to Tk_GetPixels, such as “2.0c” or “1i” (the result is rounded to the nearest integer value. If no units are given, pixels are assumed). If what is units, the view adjusts left or right by number average-width characters on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls; if it is pixels then the view adjusts by number pixels. If number is negative then characters farther to the left become visible; if it is positive then characters farther to the right become visible.

pathName yview ?args?: This command is used to query and change the vertical position of the text in the widget's window. It can take any of the following forms:

pathName yview: Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are real fractions between 0 and 1. The first element gives the position of the first visible pixel of the first character (or image, etc) in the top line in the window, relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means it is halfway through the text, for example). The second element gives the position of the first pixel just after the last visible one in the bottom line of the window, relative to the text as a whole. These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand option.
pathName yview moveto fraction: Adjusts the view in the window so that the pixel given by fraction appears at the top of the top line of the window. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1; 0 indicates the first pixel of the first character in the text, 0.33 indicates the pixel that is one-third the way through the text; and so on. Values close to 1 will indicate values close to the last pixel in the text (1 actually refers to one pixel beyond the last pixel), but in such cases the widget will never scroll beyond the last pixel, and so a value of 1 will effectively be rounded back to whatever fraction ensures the last pixel is at the bottom of the window, and some other pixel is at the top.
pathName yview scroll number what: This command adjust the view in the window up or down according to number and what. What must be units, pages or pixels. If what is units or pages then number must be an integer, otherwise number may be specified in any of the forms acceptable to Tk_GetPixels, such as “2.0c” or “1i” (the result is rounded to the nearest integer value. If no units are given, pixels are assumed). If what is units, the view adjusts up or down by number lines on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls; if it is pixels then the view adjusts by number pixels. If number is negative then earlier positions in the text become visible; if it is positive then later positions in the text become visible.
pathName yview ?-pickplace? index: Changes the view in the widget's window to make index visible. If the -pickplace option is not specified then index will appear at the top of the window. If -pickplace is specified then the widget chooses where index appears in the window:

[1]: If index is already visible somewhere in the window then the command does nothing.
[2]: If index is only a few lines off-screen above the window then it will be positioned at the top of the window.
[3]: If index is only a few lines off-screen below the window then it will be positioned at the bottom of the window.
[4]: Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.

The -pickplace option has been obsoleted by the pathName see widget command (pathName see handles both x- and y-motion to make a location visible, whereas the -pickplace mode only handles motion in y).

pathName yview number: This command makes the first character on the line after the one given by number visible at the top of the window. Number must be an integer. This command used to be used for scrolling, but now it is obsolete.

BINDINGS

Tk automatically creates class bindings for texts that give them the following default behavior. In the descriptions below, “word” is dependent on the value of the tcl_wordchars variable. See tclvars(n).

[1]: Clicking mouse button 1 positions the insertion cursor just before the character underneath the mouse cursor, sets the input focus to this widget, and clears any selection in the widget. Dragging with mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between the insertion cursor and the character under the mouse.
[2]: Double-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the word under the mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the start of the word. Dragging after a double click will stroke out a selection consisting of whole words.
[3]: Triple-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the line under the mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the start of the line. Dragging after a triple click will stroke out a selection consisting of whole lines.
[4]: The ends of the selection can be adjusted by dragging with mouse button 1 while the Shift key is down; this will adjust the end of the selection that was nearest to the mouse cursor when button 1 was pressed. If the button is double-clicked before dragging then the selection will be adjusted in units of whole words; if it is triple-clicked then the selection will be adjusted in units of whole lines.
[5]: Clicking mouse button 1 with the Control key down will reposition the insertion cursor without affecting the selection.
[6]: If any normal printing characters are typed, they are inserted at the point of the insertion cursor.
[7]: The view in the widget can be adjusted by dragging with mouse button 2. If mouse button 2 is clicked without moving the mouse, the selection is copied into the text at the position of the mouse cursor. The Insert key also inserts the selection, but at the position of the insertion cursor.
[8]: If the mouse is dragged out of the widget while button 1 is pressed, the entry will automatically scroll to make more text visible (if there is more text off-screen on the side where the mouse left the window).
[9]: The Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one character to the left or right; they also clear any selection in the text. If Left or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion cursor moves and the selection is extended to include the new character. Control-Left and Control-Right move the insertion cursor by words, and Control-Shift-Left and Control-Shift-Right move the insertion cursor by words and also extend the selection. Control-b and Control-f behave the same as Left and Right, respectively. Meta-b and Meta-f behave the same as Control-Left and Control-Right, respectively.
[10]: The Up and Down keys move the insertion cursor one line up or down and clear any selection in the text. If Up or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion cursor moves and the selection is extended to include the new character. Control-Up and Control-Down move the insertion cursor by paragraphs (groups of lines separated by blank lines), and Control-Shift-Up and Control-Shift-Down move the insertion cursor by paragraphs and also extend the selection. Control-p and Control-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.
[11]: The Next and Prior keys move the insertion cursor forward or backwards by one screenful and clear any selection in the text. If the Shift key is held down while Next or Prior is typed, then the selection is extended to include the new character.
[12]: Control-Next and Control-Prior scroll the view right or left by one page without moving the insertion cursor or affecting the selection.
[13]: Home and Control-a move the insertion cursor to the beginning of its display line and clear any selection in the widget. Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the display line and also extends the selection to that point.
[14]: End and Control-e move the insertion cursor to the end of the display line and clear any selection in the widget. Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the display line and extends the selection to that point.
[15]: Control-Home and Meta-< move the insertion cursor to the beginning of the text and clear any selection in the widget. Control-Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the text and also extends the selection to that point.
[16]: Control-End and Meta-> move the insertion cursor to the end of the text and clear any selection in the widget. Control-Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the text and extends the selection to that point.
[17]: The Select key and Control-Space set the selection anchor to the position of the insertion cursor. They do not affect the current selection. Shift-Select and Control-Shift-Space adjust the selection to the current position of the insertion cursor, selecting from the anchor to the insertion cursor if there was not any selection previously.
[18]: Control-/ selects the entire contents of the widget.
[19]: Control-\ clears any selection in the widget.
[20]: The F16 key (labelled Copy on many Sun workstations) or Meta-w copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard, if there is a selection. This action is carried out by the command tk_textCopy.
[21]: The F20 key (labelled Cut on many Sun workstations) or Control-w copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard and deletes the selection. This action is carried out by the command tk_textCut. If there is no selection in the widget then these keys have no effect.
[22]: The F18 key (labelled Paste on many Sun workstations) or Control-y inserts the contents of the clipboard at the position of the insertion cursor. This action is carried out by the command tk_textPaste.
[23]: The Delete key deletes the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no selection, it deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[24]: Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no selection, they delete the character to the left of the insertion cursor.
[25]: Control-d deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[26]: Meta-d deletes the word to the right of the insertion cursor.
[27]: Control-k deletes from the insertion cursor to the end of its line; if the insertion cursor is already at the end of a line, then Control-k deletes the newline character.
[28]: Control-o opens a new line by inserting a newline character in front of the insertion cursor without moving the insertion cursor.
[29]: Meta-backspace and Meta-Delete delete the word to the left of the insertion cursor.
[30]: Control-x deletes whatever is selected in the text widget after copying it to the clipboard.
[31]: Control-t reverses the order of the two characters to the right of the insertion cursor.
[32]: Control-z (and Control-underscore on UNIX when tk_strictMotif is true) undoes the last edit action if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.
[33]: Control-Z (or Control-y on Windows) reapplies the last undone edit action if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.

If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then its view can still be adjusted and text can still be selected, but no insertion cursor will be displayed and no text modifications will take place.

The behavior of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for individual widgets or by redefining the class bindings.

KNOWN ISSUES

ISSUES CONCERNING CHARS AND INDICES

Before Tk 8.5, the widget used the string “chars” to refer to index positions (which included characters, embedded windows and embedded images). As of Tk 8.5 the text widget deals separately and correctly with “chars” and “indices”. For backwards compatibility, however, the index modifiers “+N chars” and “-N chars” continue to refer to indices. One must use any of the full forms “+N any chars” or “-N any chars” etc. to refer to actual character indices. This confusion may be fixed in a future release by making the widget correctly interpret “+N chars” as a synonym for “+N any chars”.

PERFORMANCE ISSUES

Text widgets should run efficiently under a variety of conditions. The text widget uses about 2-3 bytes of main memory for each byte of text, so texts containing a megabyte or more should be practical on most workstations. Text is represented internally with a modified B-tree structure that makes operations relatively efficient even with large texts. Tags are included in the B-tree structure in a way that allows tags to span large ranges or have many disjoint smaller ranges without loss of efficiency. Marks are also implemented in a way that allows large numbers of marks. In most cases it is fine to have large numbers of unique tags, or a tag that has many distinct ranges.

One performance problem can arise if you have hundreds or thousands of different tags that all have the following characteristics: the first and last ranges of each tag are near the beginning and end of the text, respectively, or a single tag range covers most of the text widget. The cost of adding and deleting tags like this is proportional to the number of other tags with the same properties. In contrast, there is no problem with having thousands of distinct tags if their overall ranges are localized and spread uniformly throughout the text.

Very long text lines can be expensive, especially if they have many marks and tags within them.

The display line with the insert cursor is redrawn each time the cursor blinks, which causes a steady stream of graphics traffic. Set the insertOffTime attribute to 0 avoid this.

KNOWN BUGS

The pathName search -regexp sub-command attempts to perform sophisticated regexp matching across multiple lines in an efficient fashion (since Tk 8.5), examining each line individually, and then in small groups of lines, whether searching forwards or backwards. Under certain conditions the search result might differ from that obtained by applying the same regexp to the entire text from the widget in one go. For example, when searching with a greedy regexp, the widget will continue to attempt to add extra lines to the match as long as one of two conditions are true: either Tcl's regexp library returns a code to indicate a longer match is possible (but there are known bugs in Tcl which mean this code is not always correctly returned); or if each extra line added results in at least a partial match with the pattern. This means in the case where the first extra line added results in no match and Tcl's regexp system returns the incorrect code and adding a second extra line would actually match, the text widget will return the wrong result. In practice this is a rare problem, but it can occur, for example:

pack [text .t]

will not find a match when one exists of 19 characters starting from the first “b”.

Whenever one possible match is fully enclosed in another, the search command will attempt to ensure only the larger match is returned. When performing backwards regexp searches it is possible that Tcl will not always achieve this, in the case where a match is preceded by one or more short, non-overlapping matches, all of which are preceded by a large match which actually encompasses all of them. The search algorithm used by the widget does not look back arbitrarily far for a possible match which might cover large portions of the widget. For example:

pack [text .t]

matches at “5.0” when a true greedy match would match at “1.0”. Similarly if we add -all to this case, it matches at all of “5.0”, “4.0”, “3.0” and “1.0”, when really it should only match at “1.0” since that match encloses all the others.

KEYWORDS

text, widget, tkvars