MODULI(5) File Formats Manual MODULI(5)

moduli — Diffie-Hellman moduli

The /etc/moduli file contains prime numbers and generators for use by sshd(8) in the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange key exchange method.

New moduli may be generated with ssh-keygen(1) using a two-step process. An initial pass, using ssh-keygen -M generate, calculates numbers that are likely to be useful. A second pass, using ssh-keygen -M screen, provides a high degree of assurance that the numbers are prime and are safe for use in Diffie-Hellman operations by sshd(8). This moduli format is used as the output from each pass.

The file consists of newline-separated records, one per modulus, containing seven space-separated fields. These fields are as follows:

timestamp
The time that the modulus was last processed as YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
type
Decimal number specifying the internal structure of the prime modulus. Supported types are:

0
Unknown, not tested.
2
"Safe" prime; (p-1)/2 is also prime.
4
Sophie Germain; 2p+1 is also prime.

Moduli candidates initially produced by ssh-keygen(1) are Sophie Germain primes (type 4). Further primality testing with ssh-keygen(1) produces safe prime moduli (type 2) that are ready for use in sshd(8). Other types are not used by OpenSSH.

tests
Decimal number indicating the type of primality tests that the number has been subjected to represented as a bitmask of the following values:

0x00
Not tested.
0x01
Composite number – not prime.
0x02
Sieve of Eratosthenes.
0x04
Probabilistic Miller-Rabin primality tests.

The ssh-keygen(1) moduli candidate generation uses the Sieve of Eratosthenes (flag 0x02). Subsequent ssh-keygen(1) primality tests are Miller-Rabin tests (flag 0x04).

trials
Decimal number indicating the number of primality trials that have been performed on the modulus.
size
Decimal number indicating the size of the prime in bits.
generator
The recommended generator for use with this modulus (hexadecimal).
modulus
The modulus itself in hexadecimal.

When performing Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange, sshd(8) first estimates the size of the modulus required to produce enough Diffie-Hellman output to sufficiently key the selected symmetric cipher. sshd(8) then randomly selects a modulus from /etc/moduli that best meets the size requirement.

ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8)

M. Friedl, N. Provos, and W. Simpson, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, March 2006.

April 16, 2022 macOS 15.0