MAGIC(5) | File Formats Manual | MAGIC(5) |
magic
— file
command's magic pattern file
This manual page documents the format of magic files as used by the file(1) command, version 5.04. The file(1) command identifies the type of a file using, among other tests, a test for whether the file contains certain “magic patterns”. The database of these “magic patterns” is usually located in a binary file in /usr/share/file/magic.mgc or a directory of source text magic pattern fragment files in /usr/share/file/magic. The database specifies what patterns are to be tested for, what message or MIME type to print if a particular pattern is found, and additional information to extract from the file.
The format of the source fragment files that are used to build this database is as follows: Each line of a fragment file specifies a test to be performed. A test compares the data starting at a particular offset in the file with a byte value, a string or a numeric value. If the test succeeds, a message is printed. The line consists of the following fields:
offset
&
).type
byte
short
long
quad
float
double
string
n
consecutive
blanks, the target needs at least n
consecutive blanks to match. The “w” flag treats every
blank in the magic as an optional blank. The “f” flags
requires that the matched string is a full word, not a partial word
match. The “c” flag specifies case insensitive matching:
lower case characters in the magic match both lower and upper case
characters in the target, whereas upper case characters in the magic
only match upper case characters in the target. The “C”
flag specifies case insensitive matching: upper case characters in the
magic match both lower and upper case characters in the target,
whereas lower case characters in the magic only match upper case
characters in the target. To do a complete case insensitive match,
specify both “c” and “C”. The
“t” flag forces the test to be done for text files,
while the “b” flag forces the test to be done for binary
files. The “T” flag causes the string to be trimmed,
i.e. leading and trailing whitespace is deleted before the string is
printed.pstring
date
qdate
ldate
qldate
qwdate
beid3
beshort
belong
bequad
befloat
bedouble
bedate
beqdate
beldate
beqldate
beqwdate
bestring16
leid3
leshort
lelong
lequad
lefloat
ledouble
ledate
leqdate
leldate
leqldate
leqwdate
lestring16
melong
medate
meldate
indirect
indirect
magic is by default
absolute in the file, but one can specify /r
to indicate that the offset is relative from the beginning of the
entry.name
use
magic entry, like a subroutine
call. Named instance direct magic offsets are relative to the offset
of the previous matched entry, but indirect offsets are relative to
the beginning of the file as usual. Named magic entries always
match.use
^
then the endianness of the magic is switched; if the magic mentioned
leshort
for example, it is treated as
beshort
and vice versa. This is useful to
avoid duplicating the rules for different endianness.regex
/<length>
,
to avoid performance issues scanning long files. The type
specification can also be optionally followed by
/[c][s][l]
. The “c” flag makes
the match case insensitive, while the “s” flag update
the offset to the start offset of the match, rather than the end. The
“l” modifier, changes the limit of length to mean number
of lines instead of a byte count. Lines are delimited by the platforms
native line delimiter. When a line count is specified, an implicit
byte count also computed assuming each line is 80 characters long. If
neither a byte or line count is specified, the search is limited
automatically to 8KiB. ^
and
$
match the beginning and end of individual
lines, respectively, not beginning and end of file.search
/number,
that is the number of positions at
which the match will be attempted, starting from the start offset.
This is suitable for searching larger binary expressions with variable
offsets, using \
escapes for special
characters. The order of modifier and number is not relevant.default
clear
test.clear
default
test.der
eoc
, bool
,
int
, bit_str
,
octet_str
, null
,
obj_id
, obj_desc
,
ext
, real
,
enum
, embed
,
utf8_str
, rel_oid
,
time
, res2
,
seq
, set
,
num_str
, prt_str
,
t61_str
, vid_str
,
ia5_str
, utc_time
,
gen_time
, gr_str
,
vis_str
, gen_str
,
univ_str
, char_str
,
bmp_str
, date
,
tod
, datetime
,
duration
, oid-iri
,
rel-oid-iri
. These types can be followed by an
optional numeric size, which indicates the field width in bytes.guid
offset
-0 offset x this file is %lld bytes -0 offset <=100 must be more than 100 \ bytes and is only %lld
For compatibility with the Single UNIX
Standard, the type specifiers dC
and
d1
are equivalent to
byte
, the type specifiers
uC
and u1
are equivalent
to ubyte
, the type specifiers
dS
and d2
are equivalent
to short
, the type specifiers
uS
and u2
are equivalent
to ushort
, the type specifiers
dI
, dL
, and
d4
are equivalent to
long
, the type specifiers
uI
, uL
, and
u4
are equivalent to
ulong
, the type specifier
d8
is equivalent to
quad
, the type specifier
u8
is equivalent to
uquad
, and the type specifier
s
is equivalent to
string
. In addition, the type specifier
dQ
is equivalent to quad
and the type specifier uQ
is equivalent to
uquad
.
Each top-level magic pattern (see below for an explanation of levels) is classified as text or binary according to the types used. Types “regex” and “search” are classified as text tests, unless non-printable characters are used in the pattern. All other tests are classified as binary. A top-level pattern is considered to be a test text when all its patterns are text patterns; otherwise, it is considered to be a binary pattern. When matching a file, binary patterns are tried first; if no match is found, and the file looks like text, then its encoding is determined and the text patterns are tried.
The numeric types may optionally be followed by
&
and a numeric value, to specify that the
value is to be AND'ed with the numeric value before any comparisons are
done. Prepending a u
to the type indicates that
ordered comparisons should be unsigned.
test
Numeric values may be preceded by a character
indicating the operation to be performed. It may be
=
, to specify that the value from the file must
equal the specified value, <
, to specify that
the value from the file must be less than the specified value,
>
, to specify that the value from the file
must be greater than the specified value, &
,
to specify that the value from the file must have set all of the bits
that are set in the specified value, ^
, to
specify that the value from the file must have clear any of the bits
that are set in the specified value, or ~
, the
value specified after is negated before tested.
x
, to specify that any value will match. If the
character is omitted, it is assumed to be =
.
Operators &
, ^
, and
~
don't work with floats and doubles. The
operator !
specifies that the line matches if
the test does not
succeed.
Numeric values are specified in C form; e.g.
13
is decimal, 013
is
octal, and 0x13
is hexadecimal.
Numeric operations are not performed on date types, instead the numeric value is interpreted as an offset.
For string values, the string from the file must match the
specified string. The operators =
,
<
and >
(but not
&
) can be applied to strings. The length
used for matching is that of the string argument in the magic file. This
means that a line can match any non-empty string (usually used to then
print the string), with >\0 (because all non-empty
strings are greater than the empty string).
Dates are treated as numerical values in the respective internal representation.
The special test x always evaluates to true.
message
An APPLE 4+4 character APPLE creator and type can be specified as:
!:apple CREATYPE
A MIME type is given on a separate line, which must be the next non-blank or comment line after the magic line that identifies the file type, and has the following format:
!:mime MIMETYPE
i.e. the literal string “!:mime” followed by the MIME type.
An optional strength can be supplied on a separate line which refers to the current magic description using the following format:
!:strength OP VALUE
The operand OP
can be:
+
, -
,
*
, or /
and
VALUE
is a constant between 0 and 255. This constant
is applied using the specified operand to the currently computed default
magic strength.
Some file formats contain additional information which is to be printed along with the file type or need additional tests to determine the true file type. These additional tests are introduced by one or more > characters preceding the offset. The number of > on the line indicates the level of the test; a line with no > at the beginning is considered to be at level 0. Tests are arranged in a tree-like hierarchy: if the test on a line at level n succeeds, all following tests at level n+1 are performed, and the messages printed if the tests succeed, until a line with level n (or less) appears. For more complex files, one can use empty messages to get just the "if/then" effect, in the following way:
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort <0x40 MS-DOS executable >0x18 leshort >0x3f extended PC executable (e.g., MS Windows)
Offsets do not need to be constant, but can also be read from the file being examined. If the first character following the last > is a ( then the string after the parenthesis is interpreted as an indirect offset. That means that the number after the parenthesis is used as an offset in the file. The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an offset in the file. Indirect offsets are of the form: (( x [[.,][bBcCeEfFgGhHiIlmsSqQ]][+-][ y ]). The value of x is used as an offset in the file. A byte, id3 length, short or long is read at that offset depending on the [bBcCeEfFgGhHiIlmsSqQ] type specifier. The value is treated as signed if “”, is specified or unsigned if “”. is specified. The capitalized types interpret the number as a big endian value, whereas the small letter versions interpret the number as a little endian value; the m type interprets the number as a middle endian (PDP-11) value. To that number the value of y is added and the result is used as an offset in the file. The default type if one is not specified is long. The following types are recognized:
Type | Sy Mnemonic | Sy Endian | Sy Size |
bcBc | Byte/Char | N/A | 1 |
efg | Double | Little | 8 |
EFG | Double | Big | 8 |
hs | Half/Short | Little | 2 |
HS | Half/Short | Big | 2 |
i | ID3 | Little | 4 |
I | ID3 | Big | 4 |
m | Middle | Middle | 4 |
q | Quad | Little | 8 |
Q | Quad | Big | 8 |
That way variable length structures can be examined:
# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables 0 string MZ >0x18 leshort <0x40 MZ executable (MS-DOS) # skip the whole block below if it is not an extended executable >0x18 leshort >0x3f >>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows) >>(0x3c.l) string LX\0\0 LX executable (OS/2)
This strategy of examining has a drawback: you must make sure that you eventually print something, or users may get empty output (such as when there is neither PE\0\0 nor LE\0\0 in the above example).
If this indirect offset cannot be used directly, simple calculations are possible: appending [+-*/%&|^]number inside parentheses allows one to modify the value read from the file before it is used as an offset:
# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables 0 string MZ # sometimes, the value at 0x18 is less that 0x40 but there's still an # extended executable, simply appended to the file >0x18 leshort <0x40 >>(4.s*512) leshort 0x014c COFF executable (MS-DOS, DJGPP) >>(4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
Sometimes you do not know the exact offset as this depends on the length or position (when indirection was used before) of preceding fields. You can specify an offset relative to the end of the last up-level field using ‘&’ as a prefix to the offset:
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort >0x3f >>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows) # immediately following the PE signature is the CPU type >>>&0 leshort 0x14c for Intel 80386 >>>&0 leshort 0x184 for DEC Alpha
Indirect and relative offsets can be combined:
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort <0x40 >>(4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS) # if it's not COFF, go back 512 bytes and add the offset taken # from byte 2/3, which is yet another way of finding the start # of the extended executable >>>&(2.s-514) string LE LE executable (MS Windows VxD driver)
Or the other way around:
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort >0x3f >>(0x3c.l) string LE\0\0 LE executable (MS-Windows) # at offset 0x80 (-4, since relative offsets start at the end # of the up-level match) inside the LE header, we find the absolute # offset to the code area, where we look for a specific signature >>>(&0x7c.l+0x26) string UPX \b, UPX compressed
Or even both!
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort >0x3f >>(0x3c.l) string LE\0\0 LE executable (MS-Windows) # at offset 0x58 inside the LE header, we find the relative offset # to a data area where we look for a specific signature >>>&(&0x54.l-3) string UNACE \b, ACE self-extracting archive
If you have to deal with offset/length pairs in your file, even the second value in a parenthesized expression can be taken from the file itself, using another set of parentheses. Note that this additional indirect offset is always relative to the start of the main indirect offset.
0 string MZ >0x18 leshort >0x3f >>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows) # search for the PE section called ".idata"... >>>&0xf4 search/0x140 .idata # ...and go to the end of it, calculated from start+length; # these are located 14 and 10 bytes after the section name >>>>(&0xe.l+(-4)) string PK\3\4 \b, ZIP self-extracting archive
If you have a list of known values at a particular continuation level, and you want to provide a switch-like default case:
# clear that continuation level match >18 clear >18 lelong 1 one >18 lelong 2 two >18 default x # print default match >>18 lelong x unmatched 0x%x
file(1) - the command that reads this file.
The formats long
,
belong
, lelong
,
melong
, short
,
beshort
, and leshort
do not
depend on the length of the C data types short
and
long
on the platform, even though the Single
UNIX Specification implies that they do. However, as
OS X Mountain Lion has passed the Single UNIX
Specification validation suite, and supplies a version of
file(1) in which they do not depend on
the sizes of the C data types and that is built for a 64-bit environment in
which long
is 8 bytes rather than 4 bytes,
presumably the validation suite does not test whether, for example
long
refers to an item with the same size as the C
data type long
. There should probably be
type
names int8
,
uint8
, int16
,
uint16
, int32
,
uint32
, int64
, and
uint64
, and specified-byte-order variants of them,
to make it clearer that those types have specified widths.
May 9, 2021 | macOS 14.6 |