LDAP_TABLE(5) File Formats Manual LDAP_TABLE(5)

ldap_table - Postfix LDAP client configuration

postmap -q "string" ldap:/etc/postfix/filename
postmap -q - ldap:/etc/postfix/filename <inputfile


The Postfix mail system uses optional tables for address rewriting or mail routing. These tables are usually in dbm or db format.

Alternatively, lookup tables can be specified as LDAP databases.

In order to use LDAP lookups, define an LDAP source as a lookup table in main.cf, for example:

    alias_maps = ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap-aliases.cf

The file /etc/postfix/ldap-aliases.cf has the same format as the Postfix main.cf file, and can specify the parameters described below. An example is given at the end of this manual.

This configuration method is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later. See the section "OBSOLETE MAIN.CF PARAMETERS" below for older Postfix versions.

For details about LDAP SSL and STARTTLS, see the section on SSL and STARTTLS below.



When using LDAP to store lists such as $mynetworks,
    $mydestination, $relay_domains, $local_recipient_maps, etc., it is important
    to understand that the table must store each list member as a separate key.
    The table lookup verifies the *existence* of the key. See "Postfix
    lists versus tables" in the DATABASE_README document for a
  discussion.


Do NOT create tables that return the full list of domains in
    $mydestination or $relay_domains etc., or IP addresses in $mynetworks.


DO create tables with each matching item as a key and with an
    arbitrary value. With LDAP databases it is not uncommon to return the key
    itself.


For example, NEVER do this in a map defining $mydestination:




    query_filter = domain=*
    result_attribute = domain


Do this instead:




    query_filter = domain=%s
    result_attribute = domain










In the text below, default values are given in parentheses. Note:
    don't use quotes in these variables; at least, not until the Postfix
    configuration routines understand how to deal with quoted strings.



  

  
The name of the host running the LDAP server, e.g.
    

    
    server_host = ldap.example.com

    
Depending on the LDAP client library you're using, it should
        be possible to specify multiple servers here, with the library trying
        them in order should the first one fail. It should also be possible to
        give each server in the list a different port (overriding
        server_port below), by naming them like

    

    
    server_host = ldap.example.com:1444

    
With OpenLDAP, a (list of) LDAP URLs can be used to specify
        both the hostname(s) and the port(s):

    

    
    server_host = ldap://ldap.example.com:1444
                ldap://ldap2.example.com:1444

    
All LDAP URLs accepted by the OpenLDAP library are supported,
        including connections over UNIX domain sockets, and LDAP SSL (the last
        one provided that OpenLDAP was compiled with support for SSL):

    

    
    server_host = ldapi://%2Fsome%2Fpath
                ldaps://ldap.example.com:636

  

  

  
The port the LDAP server listens on, e.g.
    

    
    server_port = 778

  

  

  
The number of seconds a search can take before timing out, e.g.
    

      

      

       timeout = 5
      

    

  

  

  
The RFC2253 base DN at which to conduct the search, e.g.
    

    
    search_base = dc=your, dc=com

  

  

  
With Postfix 2.2 and later this parameter supports the following '%'
      expansions:







  
%%

  
This is replaced by a literal '%' character.

  
%s

  
This is replaced by the input key. RFC 2253 quoting is used to make sure
      that the input key does not add unexpected metacharacters.

  
%u

  
When the input key is an address of the form user@domain, %u is
      replaced by the (RFC 2253) quoted local part of the address. Otherwise,
      %u is replaced by the entire search string. If the localpart is
      empty, the search is suppressed and returns no results.

  
%d

  
When the input key is an address of the form user@domain, %d is
      replaced by the (RFC 2253) quoted domain part of the address. Otherwise,
      the search is suppressed and returns no results.

  
%[SUD]

  
For the search_base parameter, the upper-case equivalents of the
      above expansions behave identically to their lower-case counter-parts.
      With the result_format parameter (previously called
      result_filter see the COMPATIBILITY section and below), they expand
      to the corresponding components of input key rather than the result
    value.

  
%[1-9]

  
The patterns %1, %2, ... %9 are replaced by the corresponding most
      significant component of the input key's domain. If the input key is
      user@mail.example.com, then %1 is com, %2 is example
      and %3 is mail. If the input key is unqualified or does not have
      enough domain components to satisfy all the specified patterns, the search
      is suppressed and returns no results.







  

  
The RFC2254 filter used to search the directory, where %s is a
      substitute for the address Postfix is trying to resolve, e.g.
    

    
    query_filter = (&(mail=%s)(paid_up=true))

    
This parameter supports the following '%' expansions:

  







  
%%

  
This is replaced by a literal '%' character. (Postfix 2.2 and later).

  
%s

  
This is replaced by the input key. RFC 2254 quoting is used to make sure
      that the input key does not add unexpected metacharacters.

  
%u

  
When the input key is an address of the form user@domain, %u is
      replaced by the (RFC 2254) quoted local part of the address. Otherwise,
      %u is replaced by the entire search string. If the localpart is
      empty, the search is suppressed and returns no results.

  
%d

  
When the input key is an address of the form user@domain, %d is
      replaced by the (RFC 2254) quoted domain part of the address. Otherwise,
      the search is suppressed and returns no results.

  
%[SUD]

  
The upper-case equivalents of the above expansions behave in the
      query_filter parameter identically to their lower-case
      counter-parts. With the result_format parameter (previously called
      result_filter see the COMPATIBILITY section and below), they expand
      to the corresponding components of input key rather than the result
    value.

  

  
The above %S, %U and %D expansions are available with Postfix 2.2 and
      later.

  
%[1-9]

  
The patterns %1, %2, ... %9 are replaced by the corresponding most
      significant component of the input key's domain. If the input key is
      user@mail.example.com, then %1 is com, %2 is example
      and %3 is mail. If the input key is unqualified or does not have
      enough domain components to satisfy all the specified patterns, the search
      is suppressed and returns no results.

  

  
The above %1, ..., %9 expansions are available with Postfix 2.2 and
    later.







  

  
The "domain" parameter described below limits the input keys to
      addresses in matching domains. When the "domain" parameter is
      non-empty, LDAP queries for unqualified addresses or addresses in
      non-matching domains are suppressed and return no results.
    
NOTE: DO NOT put quotes around the query_filter
        parameter.

  

  

  
Called result_filter in Postfix releases prior to 2.2. Format
      template applied to result attributes. Most commonly used to append (or
      prepend) text to the result. This parameter supports the following '%'
      expansions:







  
%%

  
This is replaced by a literal '%' character. (Postfix 2.2 and later).

  
%s

  
This is replaced by the value of the result attribute. When result is
      empty it is skipped.

  
%u

  
When the result attribute value is an address of the form user@domain,
      %u is replaced by the local part of the address. When the result
      has an empty localpart it is skipped.

  
%d

  
When a result attribute value is an address of the form user@domain,
      %d is replaced by the domain part of the attribute value. When the
      result is unqualified it is skipped.

  
%[SUD1-9]

  
The upper-case and decimal digit expansions interpolate the parts of the
      input key rather than the result. Their behavior is identical to that
      described with query_filter, and in fact because the input key is
      known in advance, lookups whose key does not contain all the information
      specified in the result template are suppressed and return no
    results.

  

  
The above %S, %U, %D and %1, ..., %9 expansions are available with Postfix
      2.2 and later.







  

  
For example, using "result_format = smtp:[%s]" allows one to use
      a mailHost attribute as the basis of a transport(5) table. After applying
      the result format, multiple values are concatenated as comma separated
      strings. The expansion_limit and size_limit parameters explained below
      allow one to restrict the number of values in the result, which is
      especially useful for maps that should return a single value.
    
The default value %s specifies that each attribute
        value should be used as is.

    
This parameter was called result_filter in Postfix
        releases prior to 2.2. If no "result_format" is specified, the
        value of "result_filter" will be used instead before resorting
        to the default value. This provides compatibility with old configuration
        files.

    
NOTE: DO NOT put quotes around the result format!

  

  

  
This is a list of domain names, paths to files, or dictionaries. When
      specified, only fully qualified search keys with a *non-empty* localpart
      and a matching domain are eligible for lookup: 'user' lookups, bare domain
      lookups and "@domain" lookups are not performed. This can
      significantly reduce the query load on the LDAP server.
    

    
    domain = postfix.org, hash:/etc/postfix/searchdomains

    
It is best not to use LDAP to store the domains eligible for
        LDAP lookups.

    
NOTE: DO NOT define this parameter for local(8) aliases.

    
This feature is available in Postfix 1.0 and later.

  

  

  
The attribute(s) Postfix will read from any directory entries returned by
      the lookup, to be resolved to an email address.
    

    
    result_attribute = mailbox, maildrop

    
Don't rely on the default value ("maildrop"). Set
        the result_attribute explicitly in all ldap table configuration files.
        This is particularly relevant when no result_attribute is applicable,
        e.g. cases in which leaf_result_attribute and/or
        terminal_result_attribute are used instead. The default value is
        harmless if "maildrop" is also listed as a leaf or terminal
        result attribute, but it is best to not leave this to chance.

  

  

  
The attribute(s) of directory entries that can contain DNs or RFC 2255
      LDAP URLs. If found, a recursive search is performed to retrieve the entry
      referenced by the DN, or the entries matched by the URL query.
    

    
    special_result_attribute = memberdn

    
DN recursion retrieves the same result_attributes as the main
        query, including the special attributes for further recursion.

    
URL processing retrieves only those attributes that are
        included in both the URL definition and as result attributes (ordinary,
        special, leaf or terminal) in the Postfix table definition. If the URL
        lists any of the table's special result attributes, these are retrieved
        and used recursively. A URL that does not specify any attribute
        selection, is equivalent (RFC 2255) to a URL that selects all
        attributes, in which case the selected attributes will be the full set
        of result attributes in the Postfix table.

    
If an LDAP URL attribute-descriptor or the corresponding
        Postfix LDAP table result attribute (but not both) uses RFC 2255
        sub-type options ("attr;option"), the attribute requested from
        the LDAP server will include the sub-type option. In all other cases,
        the URL attribute and the table attribute must match exactly. Attributes
        with options in both the URL and the Postfix table are requested only
        when the options are identical. LDAP attribute-descriptor options are
        very rarely used, most LDAP users will not need to concern themselves
        with this level of nuanced detail.

  

  

  
When one or more terminal result attributes are found in an LDAP entry,
      all other result attributes are ignored and only the terminal result
      attributes are returned. This is useful for delegating expansion of group
      members to a particular host, by using an optional "maildrop"
      attribute on selected groups to route the group to a specific host, where
      the group is expanded, possibly via mailing-list manager or other special
      processing.
    

    
    result_attribute =
    terminal_result_attribute = maildrop

    
When using terminal and/or leaf result attributes, the
        result_attribute is best set to an empty value when it is not used, or
        else explicitly set to the desired value, even if it is the default
        value "maildrop".

    
This feature is available with Postfix 2.4 or later.

  

  

  
When one or more special result attributes are found in a non-terminal
      (see above) LDAP entry, leaf result attributes are excluded from the
      expansion of that entry. This is useful when expanding groups and the
      desired mail address attribute(s) of the member objects obtained via DN or
      URI recursion are also present in the group object. To only return the
      attribute values from the leaf objects and not the containing group, add
      the attribute to the leaf_result_attribute list, and not the
      result_attribute list, which is always expanded. Note, the default value
      of "result_attribute" is not empty, you may want to set it
      explicitly empty when using "leaf_result_attribute" to expand
      the group to a list of member DN addresses. If groups have both member DN
      references AND attributes that hold multiple string valued rfc822
      addresses, then the string attributes go in "result_attribute".
      The attributes that represent the email addresses of objects referenced
      via a DN (or LDAP URI) go in "leaf_result_attribute".
    

    
    result_attribute = memberaddr
    special_result_attribute = memberdn
    terminal_result_attribute = maildrop
    leaf_result_attribute = mail

    
When using terminal and/or leaf result attributes, the
        result_attribute is best set to an empty value when it is not used, or
        else explicitly set to the desired value, even if it is the default
        value "maildrop".

    
This feature is available with Postfix 2.4 or later.

  

  

  
The LDAP search scope: sub, base, or one. These
      translate into LDAP_SCOPE_SUBTREE, LDAP_SCOPE_BASE, and
      LDAP_SCOPE_ONELEVEL.

  

  
Whether or how to bind to the LDAP server. Newer LDAP implementations
      don't require clients to bind, which saves time. Example:
    

    
    # Don't bind
    bind = no
    # Use SIMPLE bind
    bind = yes
    # Use SASL bind
    bind = sasl

    
Postfix versions prior to 2.8 only support "bind =
        no" which means don't bind, and "bind = yes" which means
        do a SIMPLE bind. Postfix 2.8 and later also supports "bind =
        SASL" when compiled with LDAP SASL support as described in
        LDAP_README, it also adds the synonyms "bind = none" and
        "bind = simple" for "bind = no" and "bind =
        yes" respectively. See the SASL section below for additional
        parameters available with "bind = sasl".

    
If you do need to bind, you might consider configuring Postfix
        to connect to the local machine on a port that's an SSL tunnel to your
        LDAP server. If your LDAP server doesn't natively support SSL, put a
        tunnel (wrapper, proxy, whatever you want to call it) on that system
        too. This should prevent the password from traversing the network in the
        clear.

  

  

  
If you do have to bind, do it with this distinguished name. Example:
    

    
    bind_dn = uid=postfix, dc=your, dc=com

    With "bind = sasl" (see above) the DN may be optional for some
      SASL mechanisms, don't specify a DN if not needed.

  

  
The password for the distinguished name above. If you have to use this,
      you probably want to make the map configuration file readable only by the
      Postfix user. When using the obsolete ldap:ldapsource syntax, with map
      parameters in main.cf, it is not possible to securely store the bind
      password. This is because main.cf needs to be world readable to allow
      local accounts to submit mail via the sendmail command. Example:
    

    
    bind_pw = postfixpw

    With "bind = sasl" (see above) the password may be optional for
      some SASL mechanisms, don't specify a password if not needed.

  

  

  

  

  

  
The above parameters are NO LONGER SUPPORTED by Postfix. Cache support has
      been dropped from OpenLDAP as of release 2.1.13.

  

  
A limit on the nesting depth of DN and URL special result attribute
      evaluation. The limit must be a non-zero positive number.

  

  
A limit on the total number of result elements returned (as a comma
      separated list) by a lookup against the map. A setting of zero disables
      the limit. Lookups fail with a temporary error if the limit is exceeded.
      Setting the limit to 1 ensures that lookups do not return multiple
    values.

  

  
A limit on the number of LDAP entries returned by any single LDAP search
      performed as part of the lookup. A setting of 0 disables the limit.
      Expansion of DN and URL references involves nested LDAP queries, each of
      which is separately subjected to this limit.
    
Note: even a single LDAP entry can generate multiple lookup
        results, via multiple result attributes and/or multi-valued result
        attributes. This limit caps the per search resource utilization on the
        LDAP server, not the final multiplicity of the lookup result. It is
        analogous to the "-z" option of "ldapsearch".

  

  

  
When to dereference LDAP aliases. (Note that this has nothing do with
      Postfix aliases.) The permitted values are those legal for the OpenLDAP/UM
      LDAP implementations:







  
0

  
never

  
1

  
when searching

  
2

  
when locating the base object for the search

  
3

  
always







  

  
See ldap.h or the ldap_open(3) or ldapsearch(1) man pages for more
      information. And if you're using an LDAP package that has other possible
      values, please bring it to the attention of the postfix-users@postfix.org
      mailing list.

  

  
Sets (or clears) LDAP_OPT_REFERRALS (requires LDAP version 3
    support).

  

  
Specifies the LDAP protocol version to use.

  

  
What level to set for debugging in the OpenLDAP libraries.












If you're using the OpenLDAP libraries compiled with SASL support,
    Postfix 2.8 and later built with LDAP SASL support as described in
    LDAP_README can authenticate to LDAP servers via SASL.


This enables authentication to the LDAP server via mechanisms
    other than a simple password. The added flexibility has a cost: it is no
    longer practical to set an explicit timeout on the duration of an LDAP bind
    operation. Under adverse conditions, whether a SASL bind times out, or if it
    does, the duration of the timeout is determined by the LDAP and SASL
    libraries.


It is best to use tables that use SASL binds via proxymap(8), this
    way the requesting process can time-out the proxymap request. This also lets
    you tailer the process environment by overriding the proxymap(8)
    import_environment setting in master.cf(5). Special environment settings may
    be needed to configure GSSAPI credential caches or other SASL mechanism
    specific options. The GSSAPI credentials used for LDAP lookups may need to
    be different than say those used for the Postfix SMTP client to authenticate
    to remote servers.


Using SASL mechanisms requires LDAP protocol version 3, the
    default protocol version is 2 for backwards compatibility. You must set
    "version = 3" in addition to "bind = sasl".


The following parameters are relevant to using LDAP with SASL



  

  
Space separated list of SASL mechanism(s) to try.

  

  
SASL Realm to use, if applicable.

  

  
The SASL authorization identity to assert, if applicable.

  

  
The minimum required sasl security factor required to establish a
      connection.












If you're using the OpenLDAP libraries compiled with SSL support,
    Postfix can connect to LDAP SSL servers and can issue the STARTTLS
  command.


LDAP SSL service can be requested by using a LDAP SSL URL in the
    server_host parameter:




    server_host = ldaps://ldap.example.com:636


STARTTLS can be turned on with the start_tls parameter:




    start_tls = yes


Both forms require LDAP protocol version 3, which has to be set
    explicitly with:




    version = 3


If any of the Postfix programs querying the map is configured in
    master.cf to run chrooted, all the certificates and keys involved have to be
    copied to the chroot jail. Of course, the private keys should only be
    readable by the user "postfix".


The following parameters are relevant to LDAP SSL and
  STARTTLS:



  

  
Whether or not to issue STARTTLS upon connection to the server. Don't set
      this with LDAP SSL (the SSL session is setup automatically when the TCP
      connection is opened).

  

  
Directory containing X509 Certification Authority certificates in PEM
      format which are to be recognized by the client in SSL/TLS connections.
      The files each contain one CA certificate. The files are looked up by the
      CA subject name hash value, which must hence be available. If more than
      one CA certificate with the same name hash value exist, the extension must
      be different (e.g. 9d66eef0.0, 9d66eef0.1 etc). The search is performed in
      the ordering of the extension number, regardless of other properties of
      the certificates. Use the c_rehash utility (from the OpenSSL distribution)
      to create the necessary links.

  

  
File containing the X509 Certification Authority certificates in PEM
      format which are to be recognized by the client in SSL/TLS connections.
      This setting takes precedence over tls_ca_cert_dir.

  

  
File containing client's X509 certificate to be used by the client in SSL/
      TLS connections.

  

  
File containing the private key corresponding to the above tls_cert.

  

  
Whether or not to request server's X509 certificate and check its validity
      when establishing SSL/TLS connections. The supported values are no
      and yes.
    
With no, the server certificate trust chain is not
        checked, but with OpenLDAP prior to 2.1.13, the name in the server
        certificate must still match the LDAP server name. With OpenLDAP 2.0.0
        to 2.0.11 the server name is not necessarily what you specified, rather
        it is determined (by reverse lookup) from the IP address of the LDAP
        server connection. With OpenLDAP prior to 2.0.13, subjectAlternativeName
        extensions in the LDAP server certificate are ignored: the server name
        must match the subject CommonName. The no setting corresponds to
        the never value of TLS_REQCERT in LDAP client
        configuration files.

    
Don't use TLS with OpenLDAP 2.0.x (and especially with x <=
        11) if you can avoid it.

    
With yes, the server certificate must be issued by a
        trusted CA, and not be expired. The LDAP server name must match one of
        the name(s) found in the certificate (see above for OpenLDAP library
        version dependent behavior). The yes setting corresponds to the
        demand value of TLS_REQCERT in LDAP client configuration
        files.

    
The "try" and "allow" values of
        TLS_REQCERT have no equivalents here. They are not available with
        OpenLDAP 2.0, and in any case have questionable security properties.
        Either you want TLS verified LDAP connections, or you don't.

    
The yes value only works correctly with Postfix 2.5 and
        later, or with OpenLDAP 2.0. Earlier Postfix releases or later OpenLDAP
        releases don't work together with this setting. Support for LDAP over
        TLS was added to Postfix based on the OpenLDAP 2.0 API.

  

  

  
Path of a file to obtain random bits from when /dev/[u]random is not
      available, to be used by the client in SSL/TLS connections.

  

  
Cipher suite to use in SSL/TLS negotiations.












Here's a basic example for using LDAP to look up local(8) aliases.
    Assume that in main.cf, you have:




    alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases,
            ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap-aliases.cf


and in ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap-aliases.cf you have:




    server_host = ldap.example.com
    search_base = dc=example, dc=com


Upon receiving mail for a local address "ldapuser" that
    isn't found in the /etc/aliases database, Postfix will search the LDAP
    server listening at port 389 on ldap.example.com. It will bind anonymously,
    search for any directory entries whose mailacceptinggeneralid attribute is
    "ldapuser", read the "maildrop" attributes of those
    found, and build a list of their maildrops, which will be treated as RFC822
    addresses to which the message will be delivered.










For backwards compatibility with Postfix version 2.0 and earlier,
    LDAP parameters can also be defined in main.cf. Specify as LDAP source a
    name that doesn't begin with a slash or a dot. The LDAP parameters will then
    be accessible as the name you've given the source in its definition, an
    underscore, and the name of the parameter. For example, if the map is
    specified as "ldap:ldapsource", the "server_host"
    parameter below would be defined in main.cf as
    "ldapsource_server_host".


Note: with this form, the passwords for the LDAP sources are
    written in main.cf, which is normally world-readable. Support for this form
    will be removed in a future Postfix version.










For backwards compatibility with the pre 2.2 LDAP clients,
    result_filter can for now be used instead of result_format,
    when the latter parameter is not also set. The new name better reflects the
    function of the parameter. This compatibility interface may be removed in a
    future release.








postmap(1), Postfix lookup table manager
postconf(5), configuration parameters
mysql_table(5), MySQL lookup tables
pgsql_table(5), PostgreSQL lookup tables










Use "postconf readme_directory" or
    "postconf html_directory" to locate this information.


DATABASE_README, Postfix lookup table overview
LDAP_README, Postfix LDAP client guide










The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this
  software.










Carsten Hoeger, Hery Rakotoarisoa, John Hensley, Keith Stevenson,
    LaMont Jones, Liviu Daia, Manuel Guesdon, Mike Mattice, Prabhat K Singh,
    Sami Haahtinen, Samuel Tardieu, Victor Duchovni, and many others.