Normalization Forms

"$NFD_string = NFD($string)"

It returns the Normalization Form D (formed by canonical decomposition).

"$NFC_string = NFC($string)"

It returns the Normalization Form C (formed by canonical decomposition followed by canonical composition).

"$NFKD_string = NFKD($string)"

It returns the Normalization Form KD (formed by compatibility decomposition).

"$NFKC_string = NFKC($string)"

It returns the Normalization Form KC (formed by compatibility decomposition followed by canonical composition).

"$FCD_string = FCD($string)"

If the given string is in FCD ("Fast C or D" form; cf. UTN #5), it returns the string without modification; otherwise it returns an FCD string.

Note: FCD is not always unique, then plural forms may be equivalent each other. "FCD()" will return one of these equivalent forms.

"$FCC_string = FCC($string)"

It returns the FCC form ("Fast C Contiguous"; cf. UTN #5).

Note: FCC is unique, as well as four normalization forms (NF*).

"$normalized_string = normalize($form_name, $string)"

It returns the normalization form of $form_name.

As $form_name, one of the following names must be given.

  'C'  or 'NFC'  for Normalization Form C  (UAX #15)
  'D'  or 'NFD'  for Normalization Form D  (UAX #15)
  'KC' or 'NFKC' for Normalization Form KC (UAX #15)
  'KD' or 'NFKD' for Normalization Form KD (UAX #15)
  'FCD'          for "Fast C or D" Form  (UTN #5)
  'FCC'          for "Fast C Contiguous" (UTN #5)
    

Decomposition and Composition

"$decomposed_string = decompose($string [, $useCompatMapping])"

It returns the concatenation of the decomposition of each character in the string.

If the second parameter (a boolean) is omitted or false, the decomposition is canonical decomposition; if the second parameter (a boolean) is true, the decomposition is compatibility decomposition.

The string returned is not always in NFD/NFKD. Reordering may be required.

 $NFD_string  = reorder(decompose($string));       # eq. to NFD()
 $NFKD_string = reorder(decompose($string, TRUE)); # eq. to NFKD()
    

"$reordered_string = reorder($string)"

It returns the result of reordering the combining characters according to Canonical Ordering Behavior.

For example, when you have a list of NFD/NFKD strings, you can get the concatenated NFD/NFKD string from them, by saying

    $concat_NFD  = reorder(join '', @NFD_strings);
    $concat_NFKD = reorder(join '', @NFKD_strings);
    

"$composed_string = compose($string)"

It returns the result of canonical composition without applying any decomposition.

For example, when you have a NFD/NFKD string, you can get its NFC/NFKC string, by saying

    $NFC_string  = compose($NFD_string);
    $NFKC_string = compose($NFKD_string);
    

"($processed, $unprocessed) = splitOnLastStarter($normalized)"

It returns two strings: the first one, $processed, is a part before the last starter, and the second one, $unprocessed is another part after the first part. A starter is a character having a combining class of zero (see UAX #15).

Note that $processed may be empty (when $normalized contains no starter or starts with the last starter), and then $unprocessed should be equal to the entire $normalized.

When you have a $normalized string and an $unnormalized string following it, a simple concatenation is wrong:

 $concat = $normalized . normalize($form, $unnormalized); # wrong!
    

Instead of it, do like this:

 ($processed, $unprocessed) = splitOnLastStarter($normalized);
 $concat = $processed . normalize($form,$unprocessed.$unnormalized);
    

"splitOnLastStarter()" should be called with a pre-normalized parameter $normalized, that is in the same form as $form you want.

If you have an array of @string that should be concatenated and then normalized, you can do like this:

    my $result = "";
    my $unproc = "";
    foreach my $str (@string) {
        $unproc .= $str;
        my $n = normalize($form, $unproc);
        my($p, $u) = splitOnLastStarter($n);
        $result .= $p;
        $unproc  = $u;
    }
    $result .= $unproc;
    # instead of normalize($form, join('', @string))
    

"$processed = normalize_partial($form, $unprocessed)"

A wrapper for the combination of "normalize()" and "splitOnLastStarter()". Note that $unprocessed will be modified as a side-effect.

If you have an array of @string that should be concatenated and then normalized, you can do like this:

    my $result = "";
    my $unproc = "";
    foreach my $str (@string) {
        $unproc .= $str;
        $result .= normalize_partial($form, $unproc);
    }
    $result .= $unproc;
    # instead of normalize($form, join('', @string))
    

"$processed = NFD_partial($unprocessed)"

It does like "normalize_partial('NFD', $unprocessed)". Note that $unprocessed will be modified as a side-effect.

"$processed = NFC_partial($unprocessed)"

It does like "normalize_partial('NFC', $unprocessed)". Note that $unprocessed will be modified as a side-effect.

"$processed = NFKD_partial($unprocessed)"

It does like "normalize_partial('NFKD', $unprocessed)". Note that $unprocessed will be modified as a side-effect.

"$processed = NFKC_partial($unprocessed)"

It does like "normalize_partial('NFKC', $unprocessed)". Note that $unprocessed will be modified as a side-effect.

Quick Check

(see Annex 8, UAX #15; and DerivedNormalizationProps.txt)

The following functions check whether the string is in that normalization form.

The result returned will be one of the following:

    YES     The string is in that normalization form.
    NO      The string is not in that normalization form.
    MAYBE   Dubious. Maybe yes, maybe no.

"$result = checkNFD($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO".

"$result = checkNFC($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO"; "undef" if "MAYBE".

"$result = checkNFKD($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO".

"$result = checkNFKC($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO"; "undef" if "MAYBE".

"$result = checkFCD($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO".

"$result = checkFCC($string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO"; "undef" if "MAYBE".

Note: If a string is not in FCD, it must not be in FCC. So "checkFCC($not_FCD_string)" should return "NO".

"$result = check($form_name, $string)"

It returns true (1) if "YES"; false ("empty string") if "NO"; "undef" if "MAYBE".

As $form_name, one of the following names must be given.

  'C'  or 'NFC'  for Normalization Form C  (UAX #15)
  'D'  or 'NFD'  for Normalization Form D  (UAX #15)
  'KC' or 'NFKC' for Normalization Form KC (UAX #15)
  'KD' or 'NFKD' for Normalization Form KD (UAX #15)
  'FCD'          for "Fast C or D" Form  (UTN #5)
  'FCC'          for "Fast C Contiguous" (UTN #5)
    

Note

In the cases of NFD, NFKD, and FCD, the answer must be either "YES" or "NO". The answer "MAYBE" may be returned in the cases of NFC, NFKC, and FCC.

A "MAYBE" string should contain at least one combining character or the like. For example, "COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT" has the MAYBE_NFC/MAYBE_NFKC property.

Both "checkNFC("A\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}")" and "checkNFC("B\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}")" will return "MAYBE". "A\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}" is not in NFC (its NFC is "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE}"), while "B\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}" is in NFC.

If you want to check exactly, compare the string with its NFC/NFKC/FCC.

    if ($string eq NFC($string)) {
        # $string is exactly normalized in NFC;
    } else {
        # $string is not normalized in NFC;
    }
    if ($string eq NFKC($string)) {
        # $string is exactly normalized in NFKC;
    } else {
        # $string is not normalized in NFKC;
    }

Character Data

These functions are interface of character data used internally. If you want only to get Unicode normalization forms, you don't need call them yourself.

"$canonical_decomposition = getCanon($code_point)"

If the character is canonically decomposable (including Hangul Syllables), it returns the (full) canonical decomposition as a string. Otherwise it returns "undef".

Note: According to the Unicode standard, the canonical decomposition of the character that is not canonically decomposable is same as the character itself.

"$compatibility_decomposition = getCompat($code_point)"

If the character is compatibility decomposable (including Hangul Syllables), it returns the (full) compatibility decomposition as a string. Otherwise it returns "undef".

Note: According to the Unicode standard, the compatibility decomposition of the character that is not compatibility decomposable is same as the character itself.

"$code_point_composite = getComposite($code_point_here, $code_point_next)"

If two characters here and next (as code points) are composable (including Hangul Jamo/Syllables and Composition Exclusions), it returns the code point of the composite.

If they are not composable, it returns "undef".

"$combining_class = getCombinClass($code_point)"

It returns the combining class (as an integer) of the character.

"$may_be_composed_with_prev_char = isComp2nd($code_point)"

It returns a boolean whether the character of the specified codepoint may be composed with the previous one in a certain composition (including Hangul Compositions, but excluding Composition Exclusions and Non-Starter Decompositions).

"$is_exclusion = isExclusion($code_point)"

It returns a boolean whether the code point is a composition exclusion.

"$is_singleton = isSingleton($code_point)"

It returns a boolean whether the code point is a singleton

"$is_non_starter_decomposition = isNonStDecomp($code_point)"

It returns a boolean whether the code point has Non-Starter Decomposition.

"$is_Full_Composition_Exclusion = isComp_Ex($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property Comp_Ex (Full_Composition_Exclusion). This property is generated from Composition Exclusions + Singletons + Non-Starter Decompositions.

"$NFD_is_NO = isNFD_NO($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFD_NO (NFD_Quick_Check=No).

"$NFC_is_NO = isNFC_NO($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFC_NO (NFC_Quick_Check=No).

"$NFC_is_MAYBE = isNFC_MAYBE($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFC_MAYBE (NFC_Quick_Check=Maybe).

"$NFKD_is_NO = isNFKD_NO($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFKD_NO (NFKD_Quick_Check=No).

"$NFKC_is_NO = isNFKC_NO($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFKC_NO (NFKC_Quick_Check=No).

"$NFKC_is_MAYBE = isNFKC_MAYBE($code_point)"

It returns a boolean of the derived property NFKC_MAYBE (NFKC_Quick_Check=Maybe).