Cross-platform helper methods

These are methods which help writing cross-platform code.

os_flavor Abstract

    my @os_flavor = $mm->os_flavor;

@os_flavor is the style of operating system this is, usually corresponding to the MM_*.pm file we're using.

The first element of @os_flavor is the major family (ie. Unix, Windows, VMS, OS/2, etc...) and the rest are sub families.

Some examples:

    Cygwin98       ('Unix',  'Cygwin', 'Cygwin9x')
    Windows        ('Win32')
    Win98          ('Win32', 'Win9x')
    Linux          ('Unix',  'Linux')
    MacOS X        ('Unix',  'Darwin', 'MacOS', 'MacOS X')
    OS/2           ('OS/2')

This is used to write code for styles of operating system. See os_flavor_is() for use.

os_flavor_is

    my $is_this_flavor = $mm->os_flavor_is($this_flavor);
    my $is_this_flavor = $mm->os_flavor_is(@one_of_these_flavors);

Checks to see if the current operating system is one of the given flavors.

This is useful for code like:

    if( $mm->os_flavor_is('Unix') ) {
        $out = `foo 2>&1`;
    }
    else {
        $out = `foo`;
    }

can_load_xs

    my $can_load_xs = $self->can_load_xs;

Returns true if we have the ability to load XS.

This is important because miniperl, used to build XS modules in the core, can not load XS.

can_run

  use ExtUtils::MM;
  my $runnable = MM->can_run($Config{make});

If called in a scalar context it will return the full path to the binary you asked for if it was found, or "undef" if it was not.

If called in a list context, it will return a list of the full paths to instances of the binary where found in "PATH", or an empty list if it was not found.

Copied from IPC::Cmd, but modified into a method (and removed $INSTANCES capability).

can_redirect_error

  $useredirect = MM->can_redirect_error;

True if on an OS where qx operator (or backticks) can redirect "STDERR" onto "STDOUT".

is_make_type

    my $is_dmake = $self->is_make_type('dmake');

Returns true if "$self->make" is the given type; possibilities are:

  gmake    GNU make
  dmake
  nmake
  bsdmake  BSD pmake-derived

can_dep_space

    my $can_dep_space = $self->can_dep_space;

Returns true if "make" can handle (probably by quoting) dependencies that contain a space. Currently known true for GNU make, false for BSD pmake derivative.

quote_dep

  $text = $mm->quote_dep($text);

Method that protects Makefile single-value constants (mainly filenames), so that make will still treat them as single values even if they inconveniently have spaces in. If the make program being used cannot achieve such protection and the given text would need it, throws an exception.

split_command

    my @cmds = $MM->split_command($cmd, @args);

Most OS have a maximum command length they can execute at once. Large modules can easily generate commands well past that limit. Its necessary to split long commands up into a series of shorter commands.

"split_command" will return a series of @cmds each processing part of the args. Collectively they will process all the arguments. Each individual line in @cmds will not be longer than the $self->max_exec_len being careful to take into account macro expansion.

$cmd should include any switches and repeated initial arguments.

If no @args are given, no @cmds will be returned.

Pairs of arguments will always be preserved in a single command, this is a heuristic for things like pm_to_blib and pod2man which work on pairs of arguments. This makes things like this safe:

    $self->split_command($cmd, %pod2man);

make_type

Returns a suitable string describing the type of makefile being written.

stashmeta

    my @recipelines = $MM->stashmeta($text, $file);

Generates a set of @recipelines which will result in the literal $text ending up in literal $file when the recipe is executed. Call it once, with all the text you want in $file. Make macros will not be expanded, so the locations will be fixed at configure-time, not at build-time.

echo

    my @commands = $MM->echo($text);
    my @commands = $MM->echo($text, $file);
    my @commands = $MM->echo($text, $file, \%opts);

Generates a set of @commands which print the $text to a $file.

If $file is not given, output goes to STDOUT.

If $opts{append} is true the $file will be appended to rather than overwritten. Default is to overwrite.

If $opts{allow_variables} is true, make variables of the form "$(...)" will not be escaped. Other "$" will. Default is to escape all "$".

Example of use:

    my $make = join '', map "\t$_\n", $MM->echo($text, $file);

wraplist

  my $args = $mm->wraplist(@list);

Takes an array of items and turns them into a well-formatted list of arguments. In most cases this is simply something like:

    FOO \
    BAR \
    BAZ

maketext_filter

    my $filter_make_text = $mm->maketext_filter($make_text);

The text of the Makefile is run through this method before writing to disk. It allows systems a chance to make portability fixes to the Makefile.

By default it does nothing.

This method is protected and not intended to be called outside of MakeMaker.

cd Abstract

  my $subdir_cmd = $MM->cd($subdir, @cmds);

This will generate a make fragment which runs the @cmds in the given $dir. The rough equivalent to this, except cross platform.

  cd $subdir && $cmd

Currently $dir can only go down one level. "foo" is fine. "foo/bar" is not. "../foo" is right out.

The resulting $subdir_cmd has no leading tab nor trailing newline. This makes it easier to embed in a make string. For example.

      my $make = sprintf <<'CODE', $subdir_cmd;
  foo :
      $(ECHO) what
      %s
      $(ECHO) mouche
  CODE

oneliner Abstract

  my $oneliner = $MM->oneliner($perl_code);
  my $oneliner = $MM->oneliner($perl_code, \@switches);

This will generate a perl one-liner safe for the particular platform you're on based on the given $perl_code and @switches (a -e is assumed) suitable for using in a make target. It will use the proper shell quoting and escapes.

$(PERLRUN) will be used as perl.

Any newlines in $perl_code will be escaped. Leading and trailing newlines will be stripped. Makes this idiom much easier:

    my $code = $MM->oneliner(<<'CODE', [...switches...]);
some code here
another line here
CODE

Usage might be something like:

    # an echo emulation
    $oneliner = $MM->oneliner('print "Foo\n"');
    $make = '$oneliner > somefile';

Dollar signs in the $perl_code will be protected from make using the "quote_literal" method, unless they are recognised as being a make variable, "$(varname)", in which case they will be left for make to expand. Remember to quote make macros else it might be used as a bareword. For example:

    # Assign the value of the $(VERSION_FROM) make macro to $vf.
    $oneliner = $MM->oneliner('$vf = "$(VERSION_FROM)"');

Its currently very simple and may be expanded sometime in the figure to include more flexible code and switches.

quote_literal Abstract

    my $safe_text = $MM->quote_literal($text);
    my $safe_text = $MM->quote_literal($text, \%options);

This will quote $text so it is interpreted literally in the shell.

For example, on Unix this would escape any single-quotes in $text and put single-quotes around the whole thing.

If $options{allow_variables} is true it will leave '$(FOO)' make variables untouched. If false they will be escaped like any other "$". Defaults to true.

escape_dollarsigns

    my $escaped_text = $MM->escape_dollarsigns($text);

Escapes stray "$" so they are not interpreted as make variables.

It lets by "$(...)".

escape_all_dollarsigns

    my $escaped_text = $MM->escape_all_dollarsigns($text);

Escapes all "$" so they are not interpreted as make variables.

escape_newlines Abstract

    my $escaped_text = $MM->escape_newlines($text);

Shell escapes newlines in $text.

max_exec_len Abstract

    my $max_exec_len = $MM->max_exec_len;

Calculates the maximum command size the OS can exec. Effectively, this is the max size of a shell command line.

make

    my $make = $MM->make;

Returns the make variant we're generating the Makefile for. This attempts to do some normalization on the information from %Config or the user.

Targets

These are methods which produce make targets.

all_target

Generate the default target 'all'.

blibdirs_target

    my $make_frag = $mm->blibdirs_target;

Creates the blibdirs target which creates all the directories we use in blib/.

The blibdirs.ts target is deprecated. Depend on blibdirs instead.

clean (o)

Defines the clean target.

clean_subdirs_target

  my $make_frag = $MM->clean_subdirs_target;

Returns the clean_subdirs target. This is used by the clean target to call clean on any subdirectories which contain Makefiles.

dir_target

    my $make_frag = $mm->dir_target(@directories);

Generates targets to create the specified directories and set its permission to PERM_DIR.

Because depending on a directory to just ensure it exists doesn't work too well (the modified time changes too often) dir_target() creates a .exists file in the created directory. It is this you should depend on. For portability purposes you should use the $(DIRFILESEP) macro rather than a '/' to separate the directory from the file.

    yourdirectory$(DIRFILESEP).exists

distdir

Defines the scratch directory target that will hold the distribution before tar-ing (or shar-ing).

dist_test

Defines a target that produces the distribution in the scratch directory, and runs 'perl Makefile.PL; make ;make test' in that subdirectory.

xs_dlsyms_arg

Returns command-line arg(s) to linker for file listing dlsyms to export. Defaults to returning empty string, can be overridden by e.g. AIX.

xs_dlsyms_ext

Returns file-extension for "xs_make_dlsyms" method's output file, including any "." character.

xs_dlsyms_extra

Returns any extra text to be prepended to the $extra argument of "xs_make_dlsyms".

xs_dlsyms_iterator

Iterates over necessary shared objects, calling "xs_make_dlsyms" method for each with appropriate arguments.

xs_make_dlsyms

    $self->xs_make_dlsyms(
        \%attribs, # hashref from %attribs in caller
        "$self->{BASEEXT}.def", # output file for Makefile target
        'Makefile.PL', # dependency
        $self->{NAME}, # shared object's "name"
        $self->{DLBASE}, # last ::-separated part of name
        $attribs{DL_FUNCS} || $self->{DL_FUNCS} || {}, # various params
        $attribs{FUNCLIST} || $self->{FUNCLIST} || [],
        $attribs{IMPORTS} || $self->{IMPORTS} || {},
        $attribs{DL_VARS} || $self->{DL_VARS} || [],
        # optional extra param that will be added as param to Mksymlists
    );

Utility method that returns Makefile snippet to call "Mksymlists".

dynamic (o)

Defines the dynamic target.

makemakerdflt_target

  my $make_frag = $mm->makemakerdflt_target

Returns a make fragment with the makemakerdeflt_target specified. This target is the first target in the Makefile, is the default target and simply points off to 'all' just in case any make variant gets confused or something gets snuck in before the real 'all' target.

manifypods_target

  my $manifypods_target = $self->manifypods_target;

Generates the manifypods target. This target generates man pages from all POD files in MAN1PODS and MAN3PODS.

metafile_target

    my $target = $mm->metafile_target;

Generate the metafile target.

Writes the file META.yml (YAML encoded meta-data) and META.json (JSON encoded meta-data) about the module in the distdir. The format follows Module::Build's as closely as possible.

metafile_data

    my $metadata_hashref = $mm->metafile_data(\%meta_add, \%meta_merge);

Returns the data which MakeMaker turns into the META.yml file and the META.json file. It is always in version 2.0 of the format.

Values of %meta_add will overwrite any existing metadata in those keys. %meta_merge will be merged with them.

metafile_file

    my $meta_yml = $mm->metafile_file(@metadata_pairs);

Turns the @metadata_pairs into YAML.

This method does not implement a complete YAML dumper, being limited to dump a hash with values which are strings, undef's or nested hashes and arrays of strings. No quoting/escaping is done.

distmeta_target

    my $make_frag = $mm->distmeta_target;

Generates the distmeta target to add META.yml and META.json to the MANIFEST in the distdir.

mymeta

    my $mymeta = $mm->mymeta;

Generate MYMETA information as a hash either from an existing CPAN Meta file (META.json or META.yml) or from internal data.

write_mymeta

    $self->write_mymeta( $mymeta );

Write MYMETA information to MYMETA.json and MYMETA.yml.

realclean (o)

Defines the realclean target.

realclean_subdirs_target

  my $make_frag = $MM->realclean_subdirs_target;

Returns the realclean_subdirs target. This is used by the realclean target to call realclean on any subdirectories which contain Makefiles.

signature_target

    my $target = $mm->signature_target;

Generate the signature target.

Writes the file SIGNATURE with "cpansign -s".

distsignature_target

    my $make_frag = $mm->distsignature_target;

Generates the distsignature target to add SIGNATURE to the MANIFEST in the distdir.

special_targets

  my $make_frag = $mm->special_targets

Returns a make fragment containing any targets which have special meaning to make. For example, .SUFFIXES and .PHONY.

Init methods

Methods which help initialize the MakeMaker object and macros.

init_ABSTRACT

    $mm->init_ABSTRACT

init_INST

    $mm->init_INST;

Called by init_main. Sets up all INST_* variables except those related to XS code. Those are handled in init_xs.

init_INSTALL

    $mm->init_INSTALL;

Called by init_main. Sets up all INSTALL_* variables (except INSTALLDIRS) and *PREFIX.

init_INSTALL_from_PREFIX

  $mm->init_INSTALL_from_PREFIX;

init_from_INSTALL_BASE

    $mm->init_from_INSTALL_BASE

init_VERSION Abstract

    $mm->init_VERSION

Initialize macros representing versions of MakeMaker and other tools

MAKEMAKER: path to the MakeMaker module.

MM_VERSION: ExtUtils::MakeMaker Version

MM_REVISION: ExtUtils::MakeMaker version control revision (for backwards
compat)

VERSION: version of your module

VERSION_MACRO: which macro represents the version (usually 'VERSION')

VERSION_SYM: like version but safe for use as an RCS revision number

DEFINE_VERSION: -D line to set the module version when compiling

XS_VERSION: version in your .xs file. Defaults to $(VERSION)

XS_VERSION_MACRO: which macro represents the XS version.

XS_DEFINE_VERSION: -D line to set the xs version when compiling.

Called by init_main.

init_tools

    $MM->init_tools();

Initializes the simple macro definitions used by tools_other() and places them in the $MM object. These use conservative cross platform versions and should be overridden with platform specific versions for performance.

Defines at least these macros.

  Macro             Description
  NOOP              Do nothing
  NOECHO            Tell make not to display the command itself
  SHELL             Program used to run shell commands
  ECHO              Print text adding a newline on the end
  RM_F              Remove a file
  RM_RF             Remove a directory
  TOUCH             Update a file's timestamp
  TEST_F            Test for a file's existence
  TEST_S            Test the size of a file
  CP                Copy a file
  CP_NONEMPTY       Copy a file if it is not empty
  MV                Move a file
  CHMOD             Change permissions on a file
  FALSE             Exit with non-zero
  TRUE              Exit with zero
  UMASK_NULL        Nullify umask
  DEV_NULL          Suppress all command output

init_others

    $MM->init_others();

Initializes the macro definitions having to do with compiling and linking used by tools_other() and places them in the $MM object.

If there is no description, its the same as the parameter to WriteMakefile() documented in ExtUtils::MakeMaker.

tools_other

    my $make_frag = $MM->tools_other;

Returns a make fragment containing definitions for the macros init_others() initializes.

init_DIRFILESEP Abstract

  $MM->init_DIRFILESEP;
  my $dirfilesep = $MM->{DIRFILESEP};

Initializes the DIRFILESEP macro which is the separator between the directory and filename in a filepath. ie. / on Unix, \ on Win32 and nothing on VMS.

For example:

    # instead of $(INST_ARCHAUTODIR)/extralibs.ld
    $(INST_ARCHAUTODIR)$(DIRFILESEP)extralibs.ld

Something of a hack but it prevents a lot of code duplication between MM_* variants.

Do not use this as a separator between directories. Some operating systems use different separators between subdirectories as between directories and filenames (for example: VOLUME:[dir1.dir2]file on VMS).

init_linker Abstract

    $mm->init_linker;

Initialize macros which have to do with linking.

PERL_ARCHIVE: path to libperl.a equivalent to be linked to dynamic extensions.

PERL_ARCHIVE_AFTER: path to a library which should be put on the linker command line after the external libraries to be linked to dynamic extensions. This may be needed if the linker is one-pass, and Perl includes some overrides for C RTL functions, such as malloc().

EXPORT_LIST: name of a file that is passed to linker to define symbols to be exported.

Some OSes do not need these in which case leave it blank.

init_platform

    $mm->init_platform

Initialize any macros which are for platform specific use only.

A typical one is the version number of your OS specific module. (ie. MM_Unix_VERSION or MM_VMS_VERSION).

init_MAKE

    $mm->init_MAKE

Initialize MAKE from either a MAKE environment variable or $Config{make}.

Tools

A grab bag of methods to generate specific macros and commands.

manifypods

Defines targets and routines to translate the pods into manpages and put them into the INST_* directories.

POD2MAN_macro

  my $pod2man_macro = $self->POD2MAN_macro

Returns a definition for the POD2MAN macro. This is a program which emulates the pod2man utility. You can add more switches to the command by simply appending them on the macro.

Typical usage:

    $(POD2MAN) --section=3 --perm_rw=$(PERM_RW) podfile1 man_page1 ...

test_via_harness

  my $command = $mm->test_via_harness($perl, $tests);

Returns a $command line which runs the given set of $tests with Test::Harness and the given $perl.

Used on the t/*.t files.

test_via_script

  my $command = $mm->test_via_script($perl, $script);

Returns a $command line which just runs a single test without Test::Harness. No checks are done on the results, they're just printed.

Used for test.pl, since they don't always follow Test::Harness formatting.

tool_autosplit

Defines a simple perl call that runs autosplit. May be deprecated by pm_to_blib soon.

arch_check

    my $arch_ok = $mm->arch_check(
        $INC{"Config.pm"},
        File::Spec->catfile($Config{archlibexp}, "Config.pm")
    );

A sanity check that what Perl thinks the architecture is and what Config thinks the architecture is are the same. If they're not it will return false and show a diagnostic message.

When building Perl it will always return true, as nothing is installed yet.

The interface is a bit odd because this is the result of a quick refactoring. Don't rely on it.

File::Spec wrappers

ExtUtils::MM_Any is a subclass of File::Spec. The methods noted here override File::Spec.

catfile

File::Spec <= 0.83 has a bug where the file part of catfile is not canonicalized. This override fixes that bug.

Misc

Methods I can't really figure out where they should go yet.

find_tests

  my $test = $mm->find_tests;

Returns a string suitable for feeding to the shell to return all tests in t/*.t.

find_tests_recursive

  my $tests = $mm->find_tests_recursive;

Returns a string suitable for feeding to the shell to return all tests in t/ but recursively. Equivalent to

  my $tests = $mm->find_tests_recursive_in('t');

find_tests_recursive_in

  my $tests = $mm->find_tests_recursive_in($dir);

Returns a string suitable for feeding to the shell to return all tests in $dir recursively.

extra_clean_files

    my @files_to_clean = $MM->extra_clean_files;

Returns a list of OS specific files to be removed in the clean target in addition to the usual set.

installvars

    my @installvars = $mm->installvars;

A list of all the INSTALL* variables without the INSTALL prefix. Useful for iteration or building related variable sets.

libscan

  my $wanted = $self->libscan($path);

Takes a path to a file or dir and returns an empty string if we don't want to include this file in the library. Otherwise it returns the the $path unchanged.

Mainly used to exclude version control administrative directories and base-level README.pod from installation.

platform_constants

    my $make_frag = $mm->platform_constants

Returns a make fragment defining all the macros initialized in init_platform() rather than put them in constants().

post_constants (o)

Returns an empty string per default. Dedicated to overrides from within Makefile.PL after all constants have been defined.

post_initialize (o)

Returns an empty string per default. Used in Makefile.PLs to add some chunk of text to the Makefile after the object is initialized.

postamble (o)

Returns an empty string. Can be used in Makefile.PLs to write some text to the Makefile at the end.