| SSH(1) | General Commands Manual | SSH(1) |
ssh — OpenSSH
remote login client
ssh |
[-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy]
[-B bind_interface]
[-b bind_address]
[-c cipher_spec]
[-D
[bind_address:]port]
[-E log_file]
[-e escape_char]
[-F configfile]
[-I pkcs11]
[-i identity_file]
[-J destination]
[-L address]
[-l login_name]
[-m mac_spec]
[-O ctl_cmd]
[-o option]
[-P tag]
[-p port]
[-R address]
[-S ctl_path]
[-W
host:port]
[-w
local_tun[:remote_tun]]
destination [command
[argument ...]] |
ssh |
[-Q query_option] |
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging
into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is
intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted
hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections, arbitrary TCP ports and
UNIX-domain sockets can also be forwarded over the
secure channel.
ssh connects and logs into the specified
destination, which may be specified as either
[user@]hostname or a URI of the form
ssh://[user@]hostname[:port]. The user must prove
their identity to the remote machine using one of several methods (see
below).
If a command is specified, it will be executed on the remote host instead of a login shell. A complete command line may be specified as command, or it may have additional arguments. If supplied, the arguments will be appended to the command, separated by spaces, before it is sent to the server to be executed.
The options are as follows:
-4ssh to use IPv4 addresses only.
-6ssh to use IPv6 addresses only.
-AAgent forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with
the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the
agent's UNIX-domain socket) can access the local
agent through the forwarded connection. An attacker cannot obtain key
material from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys
that enable them to authenticate using the identities loaded into the
agent. A safer alternative may be to use a jump host (see
-J).
-a-B
bind_interface-b
bind_address-CCompression option in
ssh_config(5).
-c
cipher_specCiphers
keyword in ssh_config(5) for more
information.
-D
[bind_address:]portssh will act as a SOCKS server.
Only root can forward privileged ports. Dynamic port forwardings can also
be specified in the configuration file.
IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in
square brackets. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. By
default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit
bind_address may be used to bind the connection to
a specific address. The bind_address of
“localhost” indicates that the listening port be bound for
local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates
that the port should be available from all interfaces.
-E
log_file-e
escape_char~’). The escape character is only
recognized at the beginning of a line. The escape character followed by a
dot (‘.’) closes the connection;
followed by control-Z suspends the connection; and followed by itself
sends the escape character once. Setting the character to
“none” disables any escapes and makes the session fully
transparent.
-F
configfile-fssh to go to background just before
command execution. This is useful if ssh is going
to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user wants it in the
background. This implies -n. The recommended way
to start X11 programs at a remote site is with something like
ssh -f host xterm.
If the ExitOnForwardFailure
configuration option is set to “yes”, then a client
started with -f will wait for all remote port
forwards to be successfully established before placing itself in the
background. Refer to the description of
ForkAfterAuthentication in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-Gssh to print its configuration after
evaluating Host and Match
blocks and exit.
-g-I
pkcs11ssh should use
to communicate with a PKCS#11 token providing keys for user
authentication. Use of this option will disable
UseKeychain.
-i
identity_file-i options (and multiple identities
specified in configuration files). If no certificates have been explicitly
specified by the CertificateFile directive,
ssh will also try to load certificate information
from the filename obtained by appending -cert.pub
to identity filenames.
-J
destinationssh
connection to the jump host described by destination
and then establishing a TCP forwarding to the ultimate destination from
there. Multiple jump hops may be specified separated by comma characters.
IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square
brackets. This is a shortcut to specify a
ProxyJump configuration directive. Note that
configuration directives supplied on the command-line generally apply to
the destination host and not any specified jump hosts. Use
~/.ssh/config to specify configuration for jump
hosts.
-K-k-L
[bind_address:]port:host:hostport-L
[bind_address:]port:remote_socket-L
local_socket:host:hostport-L
local_socket:remote_socketPort forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit
bind_address may be used to bind the connection to
a specific address. The bind_address of
“localhost” indicates that the listening port be bound for
local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates
that the port should be available from all interfaces.
-l
login_name-Mssh client into “master”
mode for connection sharing. Multiple -M options
places ssh into “master” mode but
with confirmation required using
ssh-askpass(1) before each
operation that changes the multiplexing state (e.g. opening a new
session). Refer to the description of
ControlMaster in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-m
mac_specMACs
keyword in ssh_config(5) for more
information.
-NSessionType in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-nssh is
run in the background. A common trick is to use this to run X11 programs
on a remote machine. For example, ssh -n
shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & will start an emacs on
shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 connection will be automatically forwarded
over an encrypted channel. The ssh program will be
put in the background. (This does not work if ssh
needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the
-f option.) Refer to the description of
StdinNull in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-O
ctl_cmd-O option is specified, the
ctl_cmd argument is interpreted and passed to the
master process. Valid commands are: “check” (check that the
master process is running), “forward” (request forwardings
without command execution), “cancel” (cancel forwardings),
“exit” (request the master to exit), and
“stop” (request the master to stop accepting further
multiplexing requests).
-o
option-P
tagTag and Match keywords in
ssh_config(5) for more
information.-p
port-Q
query_option-Q flag),
mac (supported message integrity codes),
kex (key exchange algorithms),
key (key types), key-ca-sign
(valid CA signature algorithms for certificates),
key-cert (certificate key types),
key-plain (non-certificate key types),
key-sig (all key types and signature algorithms),
protocol-version (supported SSH protocol versions),
and sig (supported signature algorithms).
Alternatively, any keyword from
ssh_config(5) or
sshd_config(5) that takes an
algorithm list may be used as an alias for the corresponding query_option.
-q-R
[bind_address:]port:host:hostport-R
[bind_address:]port:local_socket-R
remote_socket:host:hostport-R
remote_socket:local_socket-R
[bind_address:]portThis works by allocating a socket to listen to either a TCP
port or to a Unix socket on the remote side.
Whenever a connection is made to this port or Unix socket, the
connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is
made from the local machine to either an explicit destination specified
by host port hostport, or
local_socket, or, if no explicit destination was
specified, ssh will act as a SOCKS 4/5 proxy and
forward connections to the destinations requested by the remote SOCKS
client.
Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on the remote machine. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
By default, TCP listening sockets on the server will be bound
to the loopback interface only. This may be overridden by specifying a
bind_address. An empty
bind_address, or the address
‘*’, indicates that the remote
socket should listen on all interfaces. Specifying a remote
bind_address will only succeed if the server's
GatewayPorts option is enabled (see
sshd_config(5)).
If the port argument is
‘0’, the listen port will be
dynamically allocated on the server and reported to the client at run
time. When used together with -O forward, the
allocated port will be printed to the standard output.
-S
ctl_pathControlPath and
ControlMaster in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-sSessionType in
ssh_config(5) for details.
-T-t-t
options force tty allocation, even if ssh has no
local tty.
-V-vssh to print debugging
messages about its progress. This is helpful in debugging connection,
authentication, and configuration problems. Multiple
-v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is
3.
-W
host:port-N, -T,
ExitOnForwardFailure and
ClearAllForwardings, though these can be
overridden in the configuration file or using -o
command line options.
-w
local_tun[:remote_tun]The devices may be specified by numerical ID or the keyword
“any”, which uses the next available tunnel device. If
remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to
“any”. See also the Tunnel and
TunnelDevice directives in
ssh_config(5).
If the Tunnel directive is unset, it
will be set to the default tunnel mode, which is
“point-to-point”. If a different
Tunnel forwarding mode it desired, then it
should be specified before -w.
-XX11 forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the user's X authorization database) can access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection. An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring.
For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY
extension restrictions by default. Refer to the
ssh -Y option and the
ForwardX11Trusted directive in
ssh_config(5) for more
information.
-x-Y-yssh may additionally obtain configuration
data from a per-user configuration file and a system-wide configuration
file. The file format and configuration options are described in
ssh_config(5).
The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocol 2.
The methods available for authentication are: GSSAPI-based
authentication, host-based authentication, public key authentication,
keyboard-interactive authentication, and password authentication.
Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above, though
PreferredAuthentications can be used to change the
default order.
Host-based authentication works as follows: If the machine the user logs in from is listed in /etc/hosts.equiv or /etc/shosts.equiv on the remote machine, the user is non-root and the user names are the same on both sides, or if the files ~/.rhosts or ~/.shosts exist in the user's home directory on the remote machine and contain a line containing the name of the client machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is considered for login. Additionally, the server must be able to verify the client's host key (see the description of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts, below) for login to be permitted. This authentication method closes security holes due to IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, and routing spoofing. [Note to the administrator: /etc/hosts.equiv, ~/.rhosts, and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be disabled if security is desired.]
Public key authentication works as follows: The scheme is based on
public-key cryptography, using cryptosystems where encryption and decryption
are done using separate keys, and it is unfeasible to derive the decryption
key from the encryption key. The idea is that each user creates a
public/private key pair for authentication purposes. The server knows the
public key, and only the user knows the private key.
ssh implements public key authentication protocol
automatically, using one of the ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA algorithms.
The file ~/.ssh/authorized_keys lists the
public keys that are permitted for logging in. When the user logs in, the
ssh program tells the server which key pair it would
like to use for authentication. The client proves that it has access to the
private key and the server checks that the corresponding public key is
authorized to accept the account.
The server may inform the client of errors that prevented public
key authentication from succeeding after authentication completes using a
different method. These may be viewed by increasing the
LogLevel to DEBUG or higher
(e.g. by using the -v flag).
The user creates their key pair by running ssh-keygen(1). This stores the private key in ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa (ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk (authenticator-hosted ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 (Ed25519), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk (authenticator-hosted Ed25519), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa (RSA) and stores the public key in ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub (ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk.pub (authenticator-hosted ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub (Ed25519), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk.pub (authenticator-hosted Ed25519), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (RSA) in the user's home directory. The user should then copy the public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys in their home directory on the remote machine. The authorized_keys file corresponds to the conventional ~/.rhosts file, and has one key per line, though the lines can be very long. After this, the user can log in without giving the password.
A variation on public key authentication is available in the form of certificate authentication: instead of a set of public/private keys, signed certificates are used. This has the advantage that a single trusted certification authority can be used in place of many public/private keys. See the CERTIFICATES section of ssh-keygen(1) for more information.
The most convenient way to use public key or certificate
authentication may be with an authentication agent. See
ssh-agent(1) and (optionally) the
AddKeysToAgent directive in
ssh_config(5) for more
information.
Keyboard-interactive authentication works as follows: The server sends an arbitrary "challenge" text and prompts for a response, possibly multiple times. Examples of keyboard-interactive authentication include BSD Authentication (see login.conf(5)) and PAM (some non-OpenBSD systems).
Finally, if other authentication methods fail,
ssh prompts the user for a password. The password is
sent to the remote host for checking; however, since all communications are
encrypted, the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the
network.
ssh automatically maintains and checks a
database containing identification for all hosts it has ever been used with.
Host keys are stored in ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the
user's home directory. Additionally, the file
/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts is automatically checked
for known hosts. Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file.
If a host's identification ever changes, ssh warns
about this and disables password authentication to prevent server spoofing
or man-in-the-middle attacks, which could otherwise be used to circumvent
the encryption. The StrictHostKeyChecking option can
be used to control logins to machines whose host key is not known or has
changed.
When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server either executes the given command in a non-interactive session or, if no command has been specified, logs into the machine and gives the user a normal shell as an interactive session. All communication with the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.
If an interactive session is requested,
ssh by default will only request a pseudo-terminal
(pty) for interactive sessions when the client has one. The flags
-T and -t can be used to
override this behaviour.
If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated, the user may use the escape characters noted below.
If no pseudo-terminal has been allocated, the session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary data. On most systems, setting the escape character to “none” will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used.
The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.
When a pseudo-terminal has been requested,
ssh supports a number of functions through the use
of an escape character.
A single tilde character can be sent as ~~
or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below.
The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as
special. The escape character can be changed in configuration files using
the EscapeChar configuration directive or on the
command line by the -e option.
The supported escapes (assuming the default
‘~’) are:
~.~^Zssh.~#~&ssh at logout when waiting for
forwarded connection / X11 sessions to terminate.~?~B~C-L, -R and
-D options (see above). It also allows the
cancellation of existing port-forwardings with
-KL[bind_address:]port
for local,
-KR[bind_address:]port
for remote and
-KD[bind_address:]port
for dynamic port-forwardings.
!command allows the user to
execute a local command if the PermitLocalCommand
option is enabled in
ssh_config(5). Basic help is
available, using the -h option.~R~VLogLevel) when errors are
being written to stderr.~vLogLevel) when errors are
being written to stderr.Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over a secure channel can be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file. One possible application of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a mail server; another is going through firewalls.
In the example below, we look at encrypting communication for an
IRC client, even though the IRC server it connects to does not directly
support encrypted communication. This works as follows: the user connects to
the remote host using ssh, specifying the ports to
be used to forward the connection. After that it is possible to start the
program locally, and ssh will encrypt and forward
the connection to the remote server.
The following example tunnels an IRC session from the client to an IRC server at “server.example.com”, joining channel “#users”, nickname “pinky”, using the standard IRC port, 6667:
$ ssh -f -L 6667:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10 $ irc -c '#users' pinky IRC/127.0.0.1
The -f option backgrounds
ssh and the remote command “sleep 10”
is specified to allow an amount of time (10 seconds, in the example) to
start the program which is going to use the tunnel. If no connections are
made within the time specified, ssh will exit.
If the ForwardX11 variable is set to
“yes” (or see the description of the
-X, -x, and
-Y options above) and the user is using X11 (the
DISPLAY environment variable is set), the connection
to the X11 display is automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a
way that any X11 programs started from the shell (or command) will go
through the encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will
be made from the local machine. The user should not manually set
DISPLAY. Forwarding of X11 connections can be
configured on the command line or in configuration files.
The DISPLAY value set by
ssh will point to the server machine, but with a
display number greater than zero. This is normal, and happens because
ssh creates a “proxy” X server on the
server machine for forwarding the connections over the encrypted
channel.
ssh will also automatically set up
Xauthority data on the server machine. For this purpose, it will generate a
random authorization cookie, store it in Xauthority on the server, and
verify that any forwarded connections carry this cookie and replace it by
the real cookie when the connection is opened. The real authentication
cookie is never sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the
plain).
If the ForwardAgent variable is set to
“yes” (or see the description of the
-A and -a options above) and
the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent is
automatically forwarded to the remote side.
When connecting to a server for the first time, a fingerprint of
the server's public key is presented to the user (unless the option
StrictHostKeyChecking has been disabled).
Fingerprints can be determined using
ssh-keygen(1):
$ ssh-keygen -l -f
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_keyIf the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched and the key
can be accepted or rejected. If only legacy (MD5) fingerprints for the
server are available, the
ssh-keygen(1)
-E option may be used to downgrade the fingerprint
algorithm to match.
Because of the difficulty of comparing host keys just
by looking at fingerprint strings, there is also support to compare host
keys visually, using
random art. By
setting the VisualHostKey option to
“yes”, a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to
a server, no matter if the session itself is interactive or not. By learning
the pattern a known server produces, a user can easily find out that the
host key has changed when a completely different pattern is displayed.
Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that looks
similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the
host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.
To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for all known hosts, the following command line can be used:
$ ssh-keygen -lv -f
~/.ssh/known_hostsIf the fingerprint is unknown, an alternative method of verification is available: SSH fingerprints verified by DNS. An additional resource record (RR), SSHFP, is added to a zonefile and the connecting client is able to match the fingerprint with that of the key presented.
In this example, we are connecting a client to a server, “host.example.com”. The SSHFP resource records should first be added to the zonefile for host.example.com:
$ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.
The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile. To check that the zone is answering fingerprint queries:
$ dig -t SSHFP
host.example.comFinally the client connects:
$ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com [...] Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
See the VerifyHostKeyDNS option in
ssh_config(5) for more
information.
ssh contains support for Virtual Private
Network (VPN) tunnelling using the tun(4)
network pseudo-device, allowing two networks to be joined securely. The
sshd_config(5) configuration
option PermitTunnel controls whether the server
supports this, and at what level (layer 2 or 3 traffic).
The following example would connect client network 10.0.50.0/24 with remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-to-point connection from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2, provided that the SSH server running on the gateway to the remote network, at 192.168.1.15, allows it.
On the client:
# ssh -f -w 0:1 192.168.1.15 true # ifconfig tun0 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.252 # route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2
On the server:
# ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252 # route add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1
Client access may be more finely tuned via the
/root/.ssh/authorized_keys file (see below) and the
PermitRootLogin server option. The following entry
would permit connections on tun(4) device
1 from user “jane” and on tun device 2 from user
“john”, if PermitRootLogin is set to
“forced-commands-only”:
tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john
Since an SSH-based setup entails a fair amount of overhead, it may be more suited to temporary setups, such as for wireless VPNs. More permanent VPNs are better provided by tools such as ipsecctl(8) and isakmpd(8).
ssh will normally set the following
environment variables:
DISPLAYDISPLAY variable indicates the location of the
X11 server. It is automatically set by ssh to
point to a value of the form “hostname:n”, where
“hostname” indicates the host where the shell runs, and
‘n’ is an integer ≥ 1. ssh
uses this special value to forward X11 connections over the secure
channel. The user should normally not set DISPLAY
explicitly, as that will render the X11 connection insecure (and will
require the user to manually copy any required authorization
cookies).HOMELOGNAMEUSER; set for compatibility with
systems that use this variable.MAILPATHPATH, as specified when
compiling ssh.SSH_ASKPASSssh needs a passphrase, it will read the
passphrase from the current terminal if it was run from a terminal. If
ssh does not have a terminal associated with it
but DISPLAY and
SSH_ASKPASS are set, it will execute the program
specified by SSH_ASKPASS and open an X11 window to
read the passphrase. This is particularly useful when calling
ssh from a .xsession or
related script. (Note that on some machines it may be necessary to
redirect the input from /dev/null to make this
work.)SSH_ASKPASS_REQUIREssh
will never attempt to use one. If it is set to “prefer”,
then ssh will prefer to use the askpass program
instead of the TTY when requesting passwords. Finally, if the variable is
set to “force”, then the askpass program will be used for
all passphrase input regardless of whether DISPLAY
is set.SSH_AUTH_SOCKSSH_CONNECTIONSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMANDSSH_TTYSSH_TUNNELSSH_USER_AUTHTZUSERAdditionally, ssh reads
~/.ssh/environment, and adds lines of the format
“VARNAME=value” to the environment if the file exists and
users are allowed to change their environment. For more information, see the
PermitUserEnvironment option in
sshd_config(5).
ssh will simply ignore a
private key file if it is accessible by others. It is possible to specify
a passphrase when generating the key which will be used to encrypt the
sensitive part of this file using AES-128.
ssh when the
user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See
the sshd(8) manual page for more
information.
ssh when the
user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See
the sshd(8) manual page for more
information.ssh exits with the exit status of the
remote command or with 255 if an error occurred.
scp(1), sftp(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), ssh-keygen(1), ssh-keyscan(1), tun(4), ssh_config(5), ssh-keysign(8), sshd(8)
S. Lehtinen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers, RFC 4250, January 2006.
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture, RFC 4251, January 2006.
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol, RFC 4252, January 2006.
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4253, January 2006.
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol, RFC 4254, January 2006.
J. Schlyter and W. Griffin, Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints, RFC 4255, January 2006.
F. Cusack and M. Forssen, Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH), RFC 4256, January 2006.
J. Galbraith and P. Remaker, The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break Extension, RFC 4335, January 2006.
M. Bellare, T. Kohno, and C. Namprempre, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes, RFC 4344, January 2006.
B. Harris, Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4345, January 2006.
M. Friedl, N. Provos, and W. Simpson, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, March 2006.
J. Galbraith and R. Thayer, The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format, RFC 4716, November 2006.
D. Stebila and J. Green, Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer, RFC 5656, December 2009.
A. Perrig and D. Song, Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve Real-World Security, 1999, International Workshop on Cryptographic Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99).
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
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